Happy Chips Essay

The supply and management of a company have various difficulties in trying to manipulate the logistics of supply and making analysis of the whole performance of the supplying team. These issues apparently result from low surge and have had great inconveniences to stock and management. The reasons for these intensive difficulties are a result of malfunctioning of one group or department and thus disrupting the paths of supply. Prior to lack of frequency in stock-outs, poor customer response and high prices on the products of the supplying enterprise have the greatest impact then due customers. This results in reduction in profits and furthers the customer – supplier relationship. The operations of the supplying company have bigger effects on the customers unlike any other department involved in stock supply. This is well described from the logistics created by Harold, the director of Logistics explaining what Buy 4 Less had to go through due to malfunctioning of the Happy Chips’ management. The increased complexity in the supply operations make the methodologies that Buy 4 Less suggested to Happy Chips to implement so that both parties could benefit and improve the understanding of the results of poor management. The factors that led to failure in the various sections mentioned above by Buy 4 Less were associated to activities in the product’s delay leading to low costs of income. The problems addressed by Buy 4 Less and other customers of Happy Chips require a complex analysis of set activities or else a high cost in resources production but a reduced cost in selling the supplies. This is unfavorably good for Happy Chips management as they count it as a bigger loss. The activity based costing gives meaningful information about the driven cost from Happy Chips that Carter could have used to track down and establish a well published outcome that Wendell could have used to have simple and possible solutions to his problems (Kaplan, R et al 47) At this juncture, Wendell had to use more detailed analysis because the complexity of the problems had gone higher. This would have a negative result in averages as the original information was fraud or distorted at the segment point. Process cost interacts interchangeably with profit segmentation and this is what Wendell did not pay attention to. The customers are torn between moving on with Happy Chips as their supplier while they still think of vacating from the firm to another supplier. On the other hand, Happy Chips is a firm that has not qualified to national levels and could only operate at the primary and local levels thus losing Buy 4 Less firm would be a great loss. As a result Wendell has to confine into explicit measures of the costs of activities and tend to pay attention to communicating with Buy 4 Less firm whereas he improves management fitness. It is fantastic that many managers have the final rule but it is profound that Wendell gets objections from his colleagues. With anything that would give the customers better alternatives like relatively low costs for the products the firm makes, direct store delivery and distribution to various customers’ shops would rather sound finer and good to the customer himself. Being inconsiderate of the additional costs the supplier has to suffer by himself. In regard to the case demonstrated in the case of Happy Chips, Wendell is left with no option rather than to comply with the customer’s wish in order to benefit from the outcome of his firm (Kaplan, R et al 108). As a manager, he finds himself in a tougher situation because he is even forced to make the direct deliveries lesser than before. The objections from the colleague made it more difficult for him to decide the best of all the collections he had done in the Midwestern University on the cost analysis. The management had to include cost of utilities as well as the basic costs. These would also lower the income. In consideration to the defaults the management had to appeal to their best customers. Happy Chips has no options to guarantee their safety from loss but have only one way to save it. Accepting the decisions made by Buy 4 Less firm as due to lack of their appropriateness, they got the customers angry to no despicable point. For the safety of their reformation, they would have to comply with the customers’ decision in accordance to the logistic analysis. The direct cost of labor is a basis for bigger losses in the Happy Chips as the work would be increased but wages decrease. The cost of production would rise while the demand of the products decreases due to broken customer relationship. Eventually the firm would experience bigger losses in general. The changes desired by Buy 4 Less should be adhered to by Happy Chips firm. The core reason as to why they should comply is because they might end up closing the firm taking into consideration that the head of logistics who had already submitted the analysis of the outcome. From time to time, the company receives many offers to make and sell products at a lower price unlike the significantly high prices that many customers would not be confronted with buy. Due to this offer, the companies make a special decision making meeting with the board so they can either accept or reject it. For instance, Buy 4 Less is confronted to hit a very much lower cost in the products and even distributing them to customers’ premises. That would undoubtedly make a greater loss in the firm. Given conditions, the customers might disappear if Happy Chips does not comply with the requests and be left to die alone. Apparently, Wendell has no desirable option left with him and failure to eliminate these segments will be seen as lacking to comply with the current demands of the customers (Hitchner,et al 34). On the other hand, the amount of revenue required to be given by the Happy Chips firm is relevantly high. The special order requested by Buy 4 Less is relatively comparable to incremental revenues in addition to the normal costs. Wendell is liable to determine the total costs he is about to recur from accepting the request. From the analysis point of view, the unit-level request is basically far from the special request by Buy 4 Less firm and the latter should not be considered. Segment report analysis created by Wendell should show that he had orders in potatoes that were more reliable than any other supplier. In a good arranged order of the potato segment, he would restore the path of profitable sale of the same potatoes by dividing the segments according to grocery segment, drug and mass merchandise. From the analysis Wendell created from the University study of logistic, then this would help hip organize a presentable segment report. This report should not dwell on his colleagues and should stand upon making the critical decision in accepting the new orders to save his company. Increase in the mass merchandise would not affect the results of the new terms as far as the new order is still to be implemented. The new order should be defaulted and as a result the additional profits are evenly shared to the affected areas in the supplying company (Hitchner,et al 67). Conclusion Segment profitability is a mutual concept by itself and far from the common understanding of the difficulties expressed by Happy Chips firm. The whole problem should be addresses in an agreement, so that Happy Chips should consider complying with the granted order to avoid higher losses. The segment of profitability is mutually critical if the parties do not agree and come up with a common solution.

Chaucer’s Depiction of the Corrupt Church in the Canterbury Tales

The Canterbury Tales is a famously satirical piece written by Geoffrey Chaucer at the end of the 14th century. Though there are many theories of what Chaucer was criticizing, he mainly was questioning the motives of the church. Chaucer used important figures in the church as characters in the story who go on a journey to Canterbury although the characters do not match the typical ideals of those who would be attributed with the church. Historically, according to the feudal system, the king was to give twenty-five percent of his wealth to the church, which proves the church had plenty of money to use in ways that would not agree with the typical morals of the church. Chaucer is making social commentary by highlighting on the religious hypocrisy and the church as it relates to money. Chaucer begins with his criticism in â€Å"The Prologue† by immediately characterizing those who are affiliated with the church in order of their social status, showing that there are many aspects of the church that fall short morally. For example, the Knight, though he is a nobleman and not a religiously affiliated character, is the most virtuous; he comes at the top of the hierarchy in terms of social status. Chaucer has nothing but good things to say about the Knight, especially when he says â€Å"he had proved his worth in his Lord’s wars†¦in Christendom and in heathen-lands and he had always been honored for his valor. † (ll 47-50) The Knight was always respected for what he had done, even when he was doing things for his religion which cannot be said for many of the other characters that Chaucer was describing. Though he is not part of the churchman group, Chaucer highlights on the Knight’s religious affiliation, saying of him that he is â€Å"a valiant warrior for his lord. † (ll 47) French speaking, with a dainty smile and polite demeanor with a hidden agenda, the Prioress offers an insight to the twisted world of the church that Chaucer wants the reader to see. The Prioress was characterized as a plump woman because â€Å"she never let a morsel fall from her lips† (ll 128), though this is ironic because as a nun she was supposed to take a vow of poverty. Chaucer then goes on to explain that the Prioress â€Å"had a few small dogs that she fed- with roast meat or milk and fine bread† (ll 146-147), further showing that the nun didn’t take her religious duties as seriously as she should have. The Monk comes next in Chaucer’s hierarchy, with the description being â€Å"he didn’t give a plucked hen for that text that said hunters are not holy men†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ â€Å"why should he study and drive himself mad. † (ll 177-178) Chaucer mocks the Monk’s lifestyle by criticizing what he chose to do instead of taking his holy vow of silence. He was a hunter and wore expensive clothes: â€Å"I saw that his sleeves were edged at the cuff with gray fur†¦and to fasten his hood under his chin he had a very intricate pin made of gold† (ll 193) though as a man of the church he should not have had the funds to support his lavish lifestyle, which is why Chaucer criticized the church, because he thought that it was corrupt. Chaucer goes on to say, â€Å"He was a fine fat lord in splendid shape,†(ll 200) of the Monk, hinting to the reader that he was well fed as well, though like the Prioress, he should not have been due to a vow of poverty. The Pardoner’s purpose in the church was to pardon the sins of the church goers, though Chaucer made his character corrupt too, by charging people to pardon their sins, something that should be unheard of, though unfortunately, it happened quite commonly. This just relates back to Chaucer’s thoughts of the church being corrupt by wrongly using the money that it had. The Pardoner’s description says, â€Å"he’d make more money in one day alone than the Parson would in two months come and gone,† (ll 703-704). This line also makes mention of the Parson, another religious character, though he was not criticized as much as other characters due to his description of being the only devout churchman. Chaucer uses less harsh descriptions of him and even explains that he does work for the church in non-corrupt ways, much un-like the other religious characters he describes. He says of the Parson, â€Å"[he] was poor, but rich in holy thought and work. He was also a learned man, a clerk; The Christian gospel he would truly preach, devoutly his parishioners to teach,† (ll 479-482) from this line the reader gains a more clear understanding for how the church was supposed to be viewed. Those who were affiliated with the church were supposed to be devout and faithful to their God, though many did not fulfill the stereotypes that they were expected to. All in all, the problem with the church is that those who are supposed to be the most holy are not at all. The obsession with money and the wrongful spending of it by all of those who are affiliated is what made the church receive so much criticism. The implied solution to the corruptness of the church is simple: to remove the money. The one character who received little criticism was the only one who helped the church be seen in a positive light, and that was the Parson. By removing the excessive money from the church, the corrupt clergy members would go back to their vows of silence and poverty and the church would be restored to its original holiness.

Risk Management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Risk Management - Coursework Example A successful debris-control problem can significantly minimize the cost of FOD damage, as well as the possibility for injury to personnel. The paper investigates risk of ground damage on airports, which is a significant cost for airlines and airport operators. Foreign object debris manifest in diverse forms and emanates from diverse sources and can be located within an airport’s air operations area (AOA). FOD can yield to aircraft damage in the form of punctured or torn tires, engine failure, and nicked turbine/propeller blades. A FOD prevention program highlights aspects such as facility inspection, maintenance, and synchronization between all affected parties can reduce FOD as well it impacts (Castro, 2011). FOD can yield to damage via direct contact with airplanes by cutting the airplane tires, or injuring people or damaging airplanes after being propelled by the jet blast. The resultant damage can cost the aerospace industry close to $4 billion every year. Airports, airpor t tenants, and airlines can minimize this cost by embracing steps to safeguard airport FOD. Risk Assessment FOD programs derive from three fundamental areas of emphasis: first, it eradicates diverse categories of FOD inclusive of â€Å"processing debris† and treat all FOD as avoidable and with equal significance. Second, it re-emphasizes the role and authority for FOD safeguard at the operations level. Third, it promotes the significance of comprehensive independent evaluation by contractors and the government. Risk assessment against ground damage on airports is a significant cost for airlines and necessitates analysis of hazard scenarios (Sadgrove, 2005). The risk assessment module typically might address hazard scenarios during approach and landing; and, assessment scenarios as per the runway physical status (current situation, measures to minimize risk, and compliance). Risk analysis necessitates calculation of quantitative risk based on the approach for all scenarios (Ca stro, 2011). Assessment scenarios encompass detailed specifications suitable for all hazards spheres such as the present situation vs. regulatory compliance; the impact of projected internal/external development; and, cases incorporating diverse intermediate, as well as other measures such as removal of obstacles off and on the field, and modification of ground operations (Patankar & Taylor, 2004). Safety Risk Management can be categorized into three elements, namely: hazard identification, risk appraisal, and risk alleviation. The core objective of risk management centers on ensuring that all risks remain at an acceptable level. Risk assessment has overtime been one of the most challenging aspects of the risk management process for aviation operations. This arises from the subjectivity engaged in determining the severity of the consequences of damage from foreign objects and the absence of quantitative information on the likelihood of this occurring. Hazard identification centers o n collecting and analyzing safety data, which necessitates collection of safety data such as mandatory occurrence reports, safety reports, and safety surveys and audits. Hazard identification relates to collecting and appraising safety data, which is pertinent to spotlighting safety issues. Hazard identification avails the input for risk assessment. The analysis of risks entails probing existing controls and establishing whether they

Environmental & Social Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Environmental & Social Change - Essay Example Skeptics of global warming are especially prominent in the US that explains the reason why the country did not ratify the Kyoto Protocol. In addition, since the signing, the US has increased emissions by 20% with Europe reducing emissions by 2%. An answer to this is to be found through a combination of scientific understanding of global warming and interesting ideas in sociology. Global warming is a result of the inability by Americans to deal with the individualistic consumer culture, as well as the lag time present between emission and the production of global warming, which takes approximately 50 years. The US society is in the throes of individualism and consumerism that makes it difficult to accept or grasp that going for bigger cars and houses, â€Å"better food†, and frequent flights are an irresponsibility that has huge ramifications. Culture, inevitably, is always lagging behind reality that is always changing in the economic, social, and environmental environments (Art 33). This leads to increased difficulty that weakens the capability of the political system in dealing with the issues. The US culture is behind the scientific understanding and knowledge of the country’s environment. The individual’s culture involves an uncomfortable mix of doxa, habitus, and field (Art 34). The three components are interactive in a manner that perpetuates cultural behavior and assumptions even when there are changing realities, which often result in people acting in a way that is not in their best interest. Field can be defined as the intellectual or social arena where individuals spend their active hours; for example, their job, their social group, their profession, or their intellectual profession (Art 44). For the youth, the field is usually their schools. The field, in sum, is constitutive of the realities that govern one’s daily existence where the focus is on the efforts

Domestic Violence and Health Consequences Research Proposal

Domestic Violence and Health Consequences - Research Proposal Example mestic abuse or spouse abuse is when a family member is suppressed or dominated by another member, partner or ex-partner in a psychological or a physical manner. According to Buzawa (2002), â€Å"Domestic violence is operationally defined as violence between intimates living together or who have previously cohabited.† Domestic violence usually takes place between spouses and is also called spousal abuse but it can also occur among people living together that is, among brothers, child and parent, sisters, friends and non-married intimate partners. People from various races, sexes, religions and cultural backgrounds sexes can be the victims of domestic violence. It occurs and affects all kinds of people and couples. Domestic Violence doesn’t just affect a way a person acts, but it affects their health as well. Domestic violence is defined as behavior used by one person in a relationship to control another. The relationship can be between married or unmarried couples, separated or dating, gay or lesbian. Domestic violence includes, keeping a partner away from calling his/her friends or family, withholding money, threatening or harming physically, calling names or putdowns, stalking, intimidation and abusing sexually. It can occur occasionally, on and off or very often. The intensity of harm can be mild, severe and also can go up to homicide. However emotional, psychological and financial abuse is not considered criminal violence like physical abuse but may lead to criminal violence. Domestic abuse caught attention only after womans movement in 1970s, particularly feminism and women’s rights which was focused on the wives being physically assaulted by their husbands. And only after the mens movement the abuse of men by women has caught attention. Domestic violence can have some very serious physical and mental effects on the victims as well as the children of a family where domestic violence occurs, and they are more likely to be ignored or to get

Post Psrtum Depression Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Post Psrtum Depression - Essay Example When the intimate partner is violent, especially during the period after childbirth, during which the women’s body is naturally undergoing several hormonal changes, women are more prone to feeling depressed and this in turn will have a negative impact on the growth and development of the child. In such cases it is necessary to offer counseling services both to the women and their spouses in order to ease their relationship and enable them to bring up their children in a healthy atmosphere. In the recent years the pediatric community has introduced screening of women with post-partum depression for any incidence of violence in the household. These sessions are to enable women to openly voice their problems and receive counseling from their doctors. An example of such a study is included in the article in which African American mothers were the major participant. The study revealed that one in 14 mothers who were suffering from post-partum depression were in a violent relationsh ip. It also found that those who were in a violent relationship were at a higher risk of developing depression. Children are exposed to violence right from a young age are more likely to suffer from health and developmental problems compared to children brought up in a healthy and normal household. In addition to their health, the emotional well-being of the child is also affected which could have serious consequences during their later growing years. How can these mothers be helped through post-partum depression and be relieved of its symptoms? As a possible solution the study has identified the need for psychiatric services that could be provided to the parents concerned as well as their families as it is vital to provide maximum comfort to the mother especially for the sake of the infant and other siblings. Several pediatric clinics are offering these services in the recent past. Proper counseling provided to both parents at the right

FedEx Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

FedEx - Essay Example For the first time, FedEx obtained governmental permission to carry documents, packages and freight to multiple Asian destinations on a regular schedule including: Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan and Thailand. As economies across Asia Pacific began to grow and prosper, FedEx's shipment volumes and its presence in the marketplace began to expand as well. Recognizing a need for the company to be closer to Asian customers, FedEx moved its Pacific headquarters from Hawaii to Hong Kong in 1992. At present, FedEx dominated in more than 30 countries and territories in the Asia Pacific market with more than 10,000 employees. Operating its own wide-bodied MD-11 and A310 aircraft, FedEx makes over 400 flights per week to Bangkok, Beijing, Cebu, Ho Chi Minh, Hong Kong, Jakarta, Kaohsiung, Kuala Lumpur, Manila, Osaka, Penang, Seoul, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Singapore, Subic Bay, Sydney, Taipei, and Tokyo, as well as destinations in the U.S. and Europe (FedEx History in APAC, 2007 ). With more than 20 employees under its wing, FedEx Hong Kong is undergoing major changes to further improve its services as more and more customers are availing of their services in Hong Kong. In 1 December 2006, FedEx decided to move the Sung Wong Toi Station to 6/F, Unit 2-3, Global Gateway, 168 Yeung Uk Road, Tsuen Wan. At the same time, they decided to change and extend their office hours to 08:30 - 17: 30, instead of 09:00 - 18:00. This is to prevent their employees of getting caught in Hong Kong's heavy traffic jam. 2. Managing Change Chartier's Model 2.1 Disturbance Fed Ex Hong Kong has to manage 3 World Service Centres, 8 FedEx stations and 9 drop boxes. With 26 employees working, FedEx Hong Kong has to consistently maintain its reliable express delivery guarantee. The horrendous traffic in their new location prompted its management to switch their regular operating hours

Pixar Animation Studios Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Pixar Animation Studios - Research Paper Example Pixar Studio’s goal is to merge trademark technology with the most original artistic skills to create computer-animated films that cast unforgettable characters and heartening tales that can be embraced by all ages across the world. To meet this objective, the company has established a unique working culture that has contributed to much of their success. Growing to about 730 employees in the present, the company maintains its closeness as most have been working together since 1970, continuously expanding to accept new creative geniuses. The work environment is described to be laid-back and ‘anti-corporate’, resulting in increased productivity and great fun for all their employees (Icmrindia.org 2006). The organizational culture at Pixar Animation Studios is a unique tool that has attributed greatly to their unparalleled works. Employees are known for their informal and eccentric work style, coming in anytime and working into the night, walking around barefoot, and even taking their pets along to work. Most did not expect to earn much from the job but remained in it for the unconventional environment and the possibility of creating something never done before. Offices are distinctively designed to excite positive creative energy for its entire staff. Its California-based offices are known for its relaxed conditions, which give way to an open stream of thoughts and dialogue. The ‘habitat’ as the studio is called, is a wide space full of toys and life-size Pixar characters.

Recent court cases on the ADA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Recent court cases on the ADA - Essay Example The American Bill of rights outlines and safeguards the basic human rights in the key country (Malesich, Charles, and Andrei 78). The act for example protects a minority and vulnerable group of the disabled. As such, contravention of the act is a serious criminal offense that validates the subsequent lawsuit against Brookdale Senior Living Communities, Inc.   Bernadine  Adams fell ill in July 2011 and was later taken to hospital where he was diagnosed with fibromyalgia. She later went on leave in December, which also doubled up as her sick leave and returned to the company in January 2012. Given her unique condition, Adams requested for new accommodation strategies. She requested for an ergonomic chair and readjustment of the lighting in her office. Additionally, Adams requested for part time schedule for at least the next eight days. Her request for new accommodations would help her recover effectively while remaining productive at the company. Instead of making the changes, the management of Brookdale Senior Living Communities, Inc. placed Adams back of a compulsory leave. Additionally, the management of the company told Adams that she would not resume work until she was ready to work full time under the prevailing accommodation conditions. The management of Brookdale told Adams that her requirements were both unreasonable and would cause undue hardship at the company. The company did not thereafter engage Adams in any interactions regarding her proposed requirements a feature that compelled Adams to file a charge of discrimination against Brookdae at the Equal Employment Opportunity  Commission. Soon after filing the charge with the EEOC, Brrokdale fired Adams explaining the she had failed to engage in an interaction with the company concerning her demands within appropriate terms. The conduct of Brookdale violated the ADA. EEOC therefore sued the company for both discrimination and retaliation. Discrimination

Childhood Vaccinations and Immunizations Research Paper

Childhood Vaccinations and Immunizations - Research Paper Example As from the year 1995, CDC in conjunction with American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) and American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has always put emphasis on annual childhood immunization schedule. Prior to this year, these groups updated the immunization schedule only once in a while. The first vaccines were: Smallpox, tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis. hepatitis B and Haemophilus influenza type were introduced in the 19870s (The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 2014). The first formal vaccination for adults was introduced in the year 2002. According to the state of Ohio, a child who presents a written disapproval of immunization for conscience reasons would not be expected to be immunized. This is an indication that parents say is always final to the immunization of their children (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2014). Otherwise, all the other children are supposed to be immunized in accordance with the most recent version of the recommended vaccine. When a child is humanized with a certain disease, it does not only protect them but also protect the other children around them. This is because they would not be able to spread the diseases because their bodies will be able to stand the attack. Immunization also helps in preventing lifelong suffering. Some diseases such as polio can lead to loss of body parts which means that the affected persons will have to live without those body parts for the rest of their lives. As compared to treatment, vaccination is usually safe.  

The Case of Marquee Garments Essay Example for Free

The Case of Marquee Garments Essay Question no1: â€Å"SR has taken a risk in entering a market that is large, but offeres little flexibility in terms of price and business eenvironment†. Discuss. Entering Indian market was quite a challenge for Simon not only convincing the board but taking up the responsibility to personally assist the whole process of franchising in India was a major challenge in his career. Indian market is famous for its â€Å"value buying† behavior; and SR is a brand known for its high quality and value for money all around the world. Unfortunately in India however the tariffs and strict regulation for direct foreign investment has been major hurdle in offering low prices. Though the launch of the two franchises have been a huge success but Simon believes asking for premium prices for the products is soon going to turn this profit into long term loss. He believes that as soon as the novelty factor wears off the customers will opt back to the value for money buying behavior. Question no.2: This may be the right time to enter India. But has S R positioned its brand right? The festivities .such as Christmas and Diwali has been the best time for Smith and Robin to take over the market for increased sales. This helps their two stores’ initial stocks to be sold out in three days flat. Since while positioning the brand, it is necessary for the organization to identify a market niche for a brand, product or service utilizing traditional marketing placement strategies (i.e. price, promotion, distribution, packaging, and competition). S R is well aware of their preposterous prices, but that ultimately makes Smith and Robin a premium brand, one with aspirational trimmings. This made their direct competitors turn into the boutiques. They were also perceives as a high end value for money brand. Question no.3: Do you think the current retail environment in India is conducive for the entry of a high-profile foreign brand? If yes – why? If not, state the reasons clearly. The current retail environment in India is not conducive for the entry of a high-profile foreign brand. Indian customers are becoming more self aware and conscious of the market trends. Therefore, post modernism along side the globalization has given the Indian market an edge to their customers. Indian economy has been raising substantially due to their own products and manufacturing plants. Despite that companies such as SR enjoy a brand equity in the Indian markets, the novelty factor surrounding SR’s launch wears off. Also, since these brands have to pay high tariffs, the brands offer premium prices, which are questionable by the customers. With such brands, their franchises would not be ready to show any interest in expanding a loss-making operation. Keeping in mind all these factors, one also has to remember the existing competition. A grey market already does a thriving business in both branded products smuggled into the country, and ersatz ones.

The History Of The Digital Citizenship Information Technology Essay

The History Of The Digital Citizenship Information Technology Essay A digital citizen is a tool which helps teachers, technology leaders and parents to understand what students, children, and technology users should know to use technology the right way and also having knowledge of it. Digital Citizenship is more than just a teaching tool it is a way to prepare technology users for a society full of technology. To be considered a digital citizen you must have any record of you being in touch with electronic devices in the world. These people create blogs and use social networks. Signing up for an e- mail address is the first step into becoming a citizenship for many people. The government uses this tool a lot to transfer and record its information; this is called the e- government. Many governments that do not have this are a disadvantage to them because they cannot organize so well their important information. There is also something called the e- democracy, it involves campaign web sites online. People who do not cooperate so much with technology te nd be isolated socially and not kept up to date in our world. Practically being a digital citizen makes life a lot easier. There are nine themes of digital citizenship. One of these nine themes is digital etiquette. It is defined as the standards of conduct and procedure. People must be taught to be responsible in this area. Another theme is Digital literacy. This is the process of teaching and learning about technology and the use of technology. Schools have been doing a great part in this, but still a lot has to be done. Learners must be taught on how to deal with digital society. Business, military, and medicine are good examples of how technology is being used differently. Another theme of technology is digital communication. This is the electronic exchange of information.à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ One of the significant changes within the digital revolution is a personà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s ability to communicate with other people. In the nineteenth century communication technology was very limited, but by the twenty first century this boosted up. The expanding of communication technology changed everything because people have the ability to keep frequent communication with anyone else, anywhere else. Although people do have to be very aware to whom they talk to because there are a lot of thieves and sexual predators. The fourth theme of digital citizenship is digital access. This is the full electronic participation in society. Technology users need to be alert of internet access and also support it. People should be able to have full access to technology no matter who they are. To become good, productive citizens we need to be committed to digital access. Another theme of digital citizenship is digital commerce. This is the electronic buying and sales of goods. A large portion of the market economy is being held electronically. For example like when people shop cloths online. Unfortunately there are illegal sales electronically, like the sales of pornography and gambling. Our society has to learn to be effective consumers in the new digital economy. The sixth theme of digital citizenship is digital law. This is the electronic responsibility for actions and deeds. This takes care of the ethics of technology in our society. Unethical use makes it a form of theft and crime. This includes for example stealing other peopleà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s information or identity. Hacking into stud and downloading illegal music violates the digital law. The Seventh theme is digital rights and responsibilities. This is the freedoms extended to everyone in a digital world. Just like how in the constitution there is a bill of rights, there is a set of rights for every digital citizen as well. Digital citizens have the right to free speech, privacy and so on. These rights also point to responsibilities as well, people have to use technology in the right manner and not violate these rights. In the digital society these two must fuse together in for everyone to be active well. The eighth theme of citizen ship is digital health and wellness. This is the physical and physiological well being in a digital technology world. Eye safety, repetitive stress syndrome, and sound ergonomic practices are problems that we need to be aware of in the technological world. Physiological issues are becoming more prevalent, like internet addiction. The final theme of digital citizenship is digital security. This is the electronic precautions to guarantee safety. In the digital community there are people who steal and corrupt other people. Therefore people should be careful and not trust other people in the digital world. Like how we have locks on our doors and alarms for fires in our house, we have to have the same for our digital world and have virus protections, backups of data, and surge control for our equipment. This is being a responsible digital citizen. In conclusion, people of our society must get in touch more often with the digital world. There are a lot of benefits for using it, but we always have to be careful in the digital community just like how we are in the non-digital community. Be the best digital citizen you can be. Work Cited Digital Citizenship Resources for Educators. Web. 24 Aug. 2010. . Digital Citizenship Education. Web. 24 Aug. 2010. . Digital Citizenship. Web. 24 Aug. 2010. . Digital Citizen. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 24 Aug. 2010. . Digital Citizen. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 24 Aug. 2010. .

Environmental Regulation And Western Food Culture In India Commerce Essay

Environmental Regulation And Western Food Culture In India Commerce Essay Environmental regulation and western food culture in India was almost non-existent. In pursuit of economic development, the Government of India liberalised the economy in food sector and kept environmental regulation of multinational corporations to a minimum in order to attract foreign direct investment. Multinational corporations have often been blamed for taking advantage of weak enforcements in India; however, in recent years, many of them have started to self-regulate and often set their environmental standards above the minimum compliances enforced by the Government of India. Advancement of foreign culture in India in the food industry has given many multinational companies (MNCs) an opportunity to grow and flourish. MNCs that set up operations in India or do business with Indian companies find that managing Indian workforce requires understanding Indian work culture that has evolved over several centuries. Thus there is a need to study the difference in the culture of Indian food industry. Many socio economic factors and other influencing factors are responsible for setting a new trend. These factors form the independent variables on which the preference of selection of food will depend i.e. dependent variables. These literatures are classified based on:- (a) Studies corresponding to major influencing factors governing selection and demand of ready-made food items. (b) Studies corresponding to the socioeconomic factors affecting the demand for ready-made food items. (c) Framework for examining the environmental management of MNCs The conclusion expected from the research is that the socio economic factors and other influential factors play an important role on consumers preference in food industry. Based on the finding, few suggestions and limitations affecting influential factors to Indian food industry for future research will be provided. And  my research will also investigate the change in environmental management  in food industry. Globalisation and the Indian food Industry A study into the key factors influencing consumer behaviour in the Indian food industry. A comparative study of past and present culture and environment in Indian food industry By Rounak Goenka G0759654K Project submitted to University of Bradford School of Management In partial fulfilment of the requirements For the Degree of BSc. (Hons.) in Business Management BBMD20932A CONTENTS: Page No. Abstractà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦1 Chapter 1 Introduction : à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..4 Objective of the Researchà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦4 Approach to the Researchà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦5 Chapter 2 Literature Review:à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦6 Influencing factors affecting choice and demandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦6 Influence of Socio-economic factorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦9 Influence of Global flowsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..11 Framework for examining the environmental management of MNCsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..13 Chapter 3 An overview of culture in Indian food industryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦14 Chapter 4 Study of globalized food culture evolving in Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦16 Chapter 5 PepsiCoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦18 Chapter 6 KFCà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦21 Chapter 7 McDonaldsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.22 Chapter 8 Analysis and Conclusionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.24 Referencesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦26 Chapter 1 Introduction : Objective of the Research Fast-food is not an alien concept to Indians; roadside shops have offered snacks-to-go since time immemorial and the country has a long tradition of indigenous fast-food served by a variety of street vendors.  With the rapidly growing middle class population and changing lifestyle, India is blessed with one of the fastest growing fast food markets in the world. The fast food industry in India has evolved with the changing lifestyles of the young Indian population. There are many factors that make  India an attractive market for Western consumer goods. With one-sixth of the worlds population,  India is the second most populous country  in the world, following China. The purposes  of this research is to compare the attitudes about  new food purchases between innovators/early  adopters and non-innovators and also is to empirically substantiate if the forces of globalization are impacting consumer culture and behavioural traits in a developing country (India). The Indian fast food market has been witnessing rapid growth on the back of positive developments and presence of massive investments. Currently, market growth is largely fuelled by the rising young population, working women, hectic schedules, and increasing disposable income of the middle-class households. Some of the unique properties of fast food like quick served, cost advantage, etc are making it highly popular among the masses. Thus, India offers enormous opportunities for both domestic as well as international players. In the past, the overwhelming majority of Indian consumers had little purchasing power, and spent almost all of their income on the basic necessities. Industrial growth and increasing affluence of the middle classes, however, have led to important increases  in consumer demand and spending power. Regardless of this compulsory Indian input, as yet, these western companies cannot match the popularity of local Indian chains such as Nirulas or the corner shops selling indigenous  foods. To compete, they are not only changing their business models but also their identity. There has been a drastic change, as seen in past, in taste and preferences of the consumers in India. India has taken a step forward in adopting western culture. Thus foreign firms have been adapting Indian culture while running their business here. In past there were many restrictions in the culture of consumers in India, but now many of them has moved forward with the taste of new generation. But some of them are s till very conservative towards the food sector. Approach to the Research On the back of rising disposable income, changing consumer behavior, huge population base, India is witnessing a tremendous growth is its fast food industry over the past few years. Other reasons like rising number of nuclear families, exposure to western cuisine and increasing number of employed women are also having a significant impact on the eating out trends and growth of the fast food industry in the country. As a result, all the international players like Pizza Hut, Dominos, McDonalds and KFC, etc. are investing huge amount of money to grab a share of this highly lucrative market.   Three big food companies have been taken in consideration for this research. And their case studies are been discussed below, which shows us how did the company manage to change its cultural environment to adjust with the country requirements and ethical issues. This paper focuses on determining a  food  choice model in wake of changing  food  and eating habits in India, using literature reviews, exploratory surveys and reliable data sources.  This case study focuses on growing trends towards organic  food  and green consumerism in view  of  rising global obesity with fast  food  consumption in Western countries and significantly very less in India despite obesity being an epidemic in India. Literature review used in this research is:- Influencing factors affecting choice and demand Influence of Socio-economic factors Influence of Global flows Framework for examining the environmental management of MNCs With the help of above literature review we can discuss how the taste of Indian consumers has been changed and also we can analyse how the companies by changing its strategy has achieved their goal in Indian market. Findings Based on literature reviews and exploratory surveys, the key determinants impacting consumers  food  choice are passion for eating out, socialize, ambience and taste for school and college goers and convenience for dual-income families in urban India. Findings indicate that fast  food  companies can no longer rely on convenience as USP in India, unless the implications  of  same on consumers health are given equal importance in the years to come. Chapter 2 Literature Review: Influencing factors affecting choice and demand :- A households demand for food away from home also may depend on the ages of family members. One reason is that the tastes may change as people progress with their age. The empirical study conducted by Byrene et al, (1998) observes that the households with younger members tend to spend more money on fast food restaurants, while households with older people tend to spend more money on full service restaurants. In this context, Blisard (2001) while, stating the significance of age in the demand for food items prepared outside home, observes similarity in the behaviour by the members of different generations at the same points in their lives. According to Friddle et al., (2001) the sensitivity of taste buds diminishes with age and hence, they observe that the older people may demand foods with bolder flavours. In addition to the taste factor, certain textural properties are also intrinsic in judgments of qualities like crispness, crunchiness, and freshness all of which are important in the selection of food items. Barthes (1975) has suggested that there is a general symbolic opposition between crisp, brisk, and sharp foods and soft, soothing, and sweet foods in Western cultures. Texture and flavour may also be associated with palatability and digestibility. Firth (1966) observed that people sometimes use these descriptive characteristics to distinguishing between preferred and less preferred foods and those consumed under normal or starvation conditions. The theory of household production proposed by Becker (1965) explains how prices, income, demographics, and time constraints can all influence a households purchases of items like food. He extended the classical demand theory to explain these aspects more elaborately. According to this economic model, the cost of food purchased includes the cost of consumption, cost of preparing the equivalent food in the home and also the cost of cleaning up after a meal or snack. In the context of the Beckers model, a household manager can be defined as the person primarily responsible for shopping, cooking, cleaning, and other household chores. In the study of food choices on Native Americans Galloway and Gibbs (1976) concluded that inadequate nutrition levels were the result of lack of purchasing power rather than the lack of nutrition knowledge. Similarly, DeWalt and Pelto (1976) conducted a study on food rating with factor analysis- as the basis for analytical construct. In the context of this study, the respondents in a Mexican village were asked to rate food according to taste, healthfulness, and economic value, and found that people had accurate notions of nutrition. Also, this study found that people chose food mainly on budgetary considerations. The factors related to food choice in this study were identified through factor analysis from sets of food choices provided by respondents. In similar line of thought Schuftan (1979) stated that the real problem in malnutrition is lack of food-purchasing power from the buyers and hence, he suggested that the nutrition programs should address malnutrition in economic rather t han nutritional terms; that is, they should measure deficits in the purchasing power of the households and give priority to nutrition programs that generate income, new employment opportunities in food production, and food-related services. The impact of specific economic and demographic characteristics of a household, in its demand for ready-made food items are considered very important. In this context, McCracken and Brandt (1987) analyzed the relationship between some key household characteristics and expenditure at different categories of restaurant. The empirical analyses of their study have shown the influencing pattern of economic and demographic characteristics of households in their demand for restaurant made food items. Also, they stated that an inverse relationship could be observed between the number of people in the household and its requirement for food prepared outside home. The significant finding indicated in the above study observes decrease in the expenditure of large households for food items prepared outside home. This is understandable for the simple reason that cost of cooking in terms of fuel expense is less, if food is prepared for more number of people. Based on the household survey data from t he year 1970s and 1980s, Nayga and Capps (1994) studied the relationship between a households characteristics and its frequency of dinning at each category of food selling enterprises. Hiemstra and Kirn (1995) analyzed the impact of household characteristics on expenditure by eating occasion and market segment. A specific household may demand more restaurant made food items if both husband and wife work outside. In such situations food prepared outside home will form a convenient meal option if the sellers are reasonably accessible. Two studies conducted by Popkinn and Solon (1976) and Popkin (1980) identified deficiencies in the food intake of children who have their mothers with employment. Further, these studies confirmed no such deficiencies in the food intake of the children who have their mothers without employment. According to Byrene et al., (1998) the spending for fast food is increasing along with the number of hours, the household manager works in the labour force. In this context, Rajmohan and Panchanatham (2002) reported that the female employment in IT jobs makes women to struggle a lot in terms of fulfilling the domestic responsibilities like preparing food items at home. This practically means that more office responsibilities for women will cause increased demand for ready- made food items in the market. Influence of Socio-economic factors The booming Indian economy (Lenartowicz and Balasubramanian, 2009) and the huge Indian consumer market (Enderwick, 2009) is encouraging many researchers to study the various socio-cultural dimensions influencing the Indian consumers behaviour (Kopalle et al., 2010). Another stream of study that is luring leading researchers (Craig et al., 2009; Yaprak, 2008) is the influence of forces of globalization on the changing consumer culture of a society. Such influence, according to Ger and Belk (1996), would be more intensive on the consumers in the developing economies of the world, India being one of them. In fact, Durvasula and Lysonski (2008) and Mathur et al. (2008) have empirically shown how forces of globalization are bringing in changes in the culture of Indian consumers. One such culture based dimension of consumer behaviour is materialism. The current work studies materialism, a construct defined by Belk (1984) and Richins (1987) giving importance/being attached to worldly possessions, and its influence on consumer culture, which encompasses the prevalent cultural influence among consumers, in the Indian context. Extant research suggests that globalization is rapidly influencing consumer culture in India with people showing increasing predisposition towards foreign brands (PTFB), a construct defined by Bandyopadhyay (2001), Batra et al. (2000) and Kinra (2006) as admiration of foreign brands and intention to purchase them vis- a`-vis home countrys brands. Such cultural influences are also likely to impact Indian consumers purchase behaviour, e.g. credit card usage (Chibber, 2010), impulse purchases (Datamonitor Report, 2010) and consideration of shopping as an enjoyable behaviour (Ghosh et al., 2010). Although marketing scholars (Cleveland et al, 2009; Richins and Dawson, 1992) have already established the impact of ma terialism on these important consumption traits, studying the same in the Indian context would provide interesting insights for both scholars and practitioners alike. The paper thus makes an effort to study extent of materialistic values (MV) amongst Indian consumers; differences in such values based on demographics; whether such values impact various buying behaviour traits of Indian consumers and are itself being impacted by the onslaught of forces of globalization. Materialism among Indian consumers has been studied by Chaudhuri and Haldar (2005) and Cleveland et al. (2009). These studies brought forth the relationship that materialism has with cultural adherence and regional differences with-in India (Chaudhuri and Haldar, 2005) and materialisms impact on various purchase behaviour like purchasing frequency of luxury products, etc. (Cleveland et al., 2009). Though Cleveland et al. (2009) also attempted to study the relationship between materialism and various demographic variables like age, income, gender and educational qualification for the Indian sample; they could not get significant results on any of the relationships. Both Cleveland et al. (2009) and Chaudhuri and Haldar (2005) used student samples in their study, which could limit the generalization of their findings. Further, neither of these studies attempted to operationalize globalization as an antecedent impacting the MV of Indian consumers. These studies also did not empirically s tudy the impact of other demographic factors (besides age) like income, educational qualification and gender on the MV of Indian consumers. The present study addresses these existing gaps in the extant literature. Pettys and Balagopal (1998) are of the view that since individual attachment in India is seen as temporary and as an illusion, Indians are very non-materialistic. They also believe that an inherent risk of westernization is that the Indian consumers might become more materialistic. On the other hand, Venkatesh (1995) states that Indians are not averse to materialism because in Indian culture spiritualism and materialism are not considered opposites, instead they belong to the same realm of experience and hence there is no confrontation of beliefs if both are adopted together. Still, compared to other developed nations like USA and New Zealand, Indians are relatively less materialistic (Ger and Belk, 1996). This might be due to conservatism preached by the Indian culture. The results of Chaudhuri and Haldars (2005), empirical study on Indian respondents showed that there is a significant negative correlation between the degree of materialism and the intensity of cultural adherence. In other words the more a person moves away from the Indian culture, the more are the chances that materialism will manifest itself in him. Influence of Global flows Globalization is leading to various types of global flows across the world. According to Appadurai (1990), there are five types of global flows mediascapes (flows of image and communication), ethnoscapes (flows of tourists, migrants and foreign Students), ideoscapes (flows of political ideas and ideologies), technoscapes (flows of technology and know-how) and finanscapes (flows of capital and money). Considering the influence of these global flows, Craig et al. (2009) observe that in todays world, cultural products and lifestyles from the developed world are spreading across developing countries. This is the result of contact through traditional media such as TV and films, as well as through new media such as the internet, electronic social networking, blogs, etc. (Craig et al., 2009). This phenomenon, according to Craig et al. (2009), is changing the cultural fabric and patterns of a society as products, icons, lifestyles and rituals of one culture are being adopted by another (Craig and Douglas, 2006). Further, its pervasive influence on consumer behaviour is affecting consumer tastes, preferences and purchase behaviour (Douglas and Craig, 1997). Venkatesh and Swamy (1994) state that Indian consumers, even if they have not travelled abroad, are still being influenced by the consumerism (or consumer culture) brought by foreign influence through media and products (foreign brands). Ger and Belk (1996) state that the reason for this is that with the coming of globalization and westernization, developing countries consumers emulate the lifestyles and consumption patterns of more economically developed nations. Many studies (Batra et al., 2000; Kinra, 2006; Maxwell, 2001) have shown that Indian consumers have a very high PTFB. According to Eckhardt and Mahi (2004), th ese foreign brands are also bringing foreign cultural influence with them in the Indian market place. Since 1991, India has witnessed a dramatic increase of multinational corporation activity, giving rise to tremendous economic development of the country (Emde, 1999). From provision of services to manufacturing, multinational corporations (MNCs) play a big role in almost all the economic sectors in India. Consequently, their business operations impact the physical environment of the country on a large scale. In the post-industrialized era, MNCs in the developing world are changing their environmental management in the context of various internal and external drivers. These changes often lead to an introduction of new strategies, systems, and practices across the environmental management of MNCs (Moser, 2001). Despite significant environmental policies introduced in India, such as the Water Act (1974), Air Act (1981), and Environmental Protection Act (1986), its environmental quality has continued to deteriorate (Reich Bowonder, 1992). Indias Industrial Policy of July 1991 radically pushed for an open economy by globalization, liberalization, and privatization. The policy opened up Indias economy to foreign direct investment by providing facilities to foreign companies to invest in different fields of economic activity (Goyal, 2006). The economic policy reforms of India removed constraints for entry of MNCs into India, allowed Indian companies to form joint ventures with the foreign companies, and encouraged a free inter-country transfer of technology and labor (Goyal, 2006).   An open economy, large manpower, and a weak environmental regulatory framework reduced the cost of doing business in India as compared to other developing countries such as Brazil, Mexico, China, and Indonesia (Jain et.al, 2006). Therefore, these factors made India a preferred destination of MNC activity from developed countries. Framework for examining the environmental management of MNCs The project draws from the framework within organization theory and specifically on Andrew Pettigrews famous work on the management of strategic change (Pettigrew, 1987).   His framework has been widely adapted to study how changes in the management of environmental and social issues by MNCs operating in less developed countries can lead to sustainable development (Moser, 2001). Pettigrew offers a framework -consisting of three dimensions: context, content and process. He suggests that organizational change process and decision-making can be understood in terms of these three inter-linked dimensions. The context of change is concerned with how an MNCs internal context and aspects of external environment promote or inhibit the change process.   Internal context refers to characteristics of the MNCs internal organization: its structure, culture, and politics, and how these have shaped/continue to shape its environmental management (Moser, 2001). The external context can be sub-divi ded into formal and informal components.   The formal or institutional component of context consists of factors such as headquarter policies, host countrys (India in this case) regulatory framework, investor pressure, standard industry codes of conduct, international regulations, international nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and media comment. The informal or socio-political component consists of factors such as brand image, risk management, competition, eco-efficiency (cost effectiveness with reduced environmental impact), and pressure from local or domestic NGOs, public, and local communities. The content dimension of the framework refers to the economic, social and environmental impacts (both positive and negative) of current MNC practices and operations. The process dimension refers to how change within an MNC is effected over time.   The adoption of environmental management changes can also be understood in terms of the interrelated dimensions of context, content, and process. This research focuses on the content and context dimensions as they apply to the case study. In the context dimension, only the external aspects containing formal and informal institutions are studied.   These external aspects play the role of drivers that change the environmental management of MNCs. The content dimension is studied to direct the second research question about the implementation of new environmental strategies, systems, and practices to incorporate the changes driven or impeded by the contextual factors listed above. Chapter 3 An overview of culture in Indian food industry Due to the cultural and personal attitudes  of Indian consumers about food and the perceived importance of fresh food, processed food is a  new concept to this population, and thus should be viewed as a  new product and an innovation. Countless  new products are introduced on world markets only to fail and to be taken off the market within a few months. Usually, the failure  of a  new product is accompanied by substantial financial losses to manufacturers, middlemen, and retailers. Market researchers, therefore, need to examine carefully the relationship between  product and marketing innovation, and other important variables that make the introduction  of a  product successful  in new markets. Food diversity is an implicit characteristic of  Indias diversified culture consisting of different regions and states within. Indians like to have home-cooked meals a concept supported religiously as well as individually. However, with times due to increasing awareness and influence of western culture, there is a shift in  food  consumption patterns among many Indian families. It started with eating outside and moved on to accepting a wide variety of delicacies from world-over. Liberalization of the Indian economy in the early 1990s and the subsequent entry of new players set a significant change in lifestyles and the  food  tastes of Indians.   Fast food  is one which gained acceptance of Indian palate after the multinational  fast food  players adapted the basic Indian  food  requirements viz. vegetarian meals and selected non-vegetarian options excluding beef and pork totally from their menu. Multinational  fast food outlets initially faced protests and non-acceptance from Indian consumers. This was due to primary perception that these  fast food  players serve only non-vegetarian and do not serve vegetarian meals. In addition,  fast food  is perceived expensive besides being out-of-way meals in Indian culture. Today,  fast food industry is getting adapted to Indian  food  requirements and is growing in  India. It is gaining acceptance primarily from Indian youth and younger generations and is becoming part of life. Keeping in view the Indian habits and changing preferences towards  food  consumption, this study has its focus to understand the factors affecting the perception of Indian youth, in the age group of 20-30 years, towards consumption of  fast food  as well as towards making choice of  fast food  outlets. All the popular fast food chains  have chalked out massive plans for  expanding their  business and presence throughout the  country. Moreover, foreign fast-food chains are aggressively increasing their presence in the country. International fast-food chains such as McDonalds, Dominos, Pizza Hut and Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) are doing brisk business  in Indias ready-cooked meal fast  food segment. Chapter 4 Study of globalized food culture evolving in India: Some traditional attitudes of Indians, however, have created challenges to foreign companies that attempt to make a successful entry into the country.  Food is believed to be an effective and tangible differentiator of consumer preferences among different cultures. Indian consumers tend to be traditional  in their approach to food products, thus, unlike many countries  in the developing world, Western  food is not widely consumed  in India. The highly distinct tastes of Indian consumers are a challenge for many multinationals seeking to enter the Indian  food market. Unlike citizens of other rapidly industrializing countries, about 40 per cent of Indians are vegetarian, according to reports  in The Economist (1997). Even among Indian meat eaters, many consumers have an aversion to beef and/or pork and dislike frozen meat and fish. Despite these challenges, the US International Trade Administration (2000) estimated that the processed food market  in India was worth over US$22.2 million  in 1999. However, marketers need to develop a very high level of expertise  in tapping into this potential market since imported  food products are not widely accepted by the general Indian population. Research has demonstrated that younger Indian consumers are more open to novel  food products and are more likely to perceive imported  food as high quality as compared with locally produced  products. Direction of business globalization it has to be not only about uniformed customization of the economies of the different countries and human need, but also about sensitive and understanding approach to local and national values and principles. In practise the most mistakes are made along  this chain of management processes. The success of the foreign business is not only determined by a good quality of the products but a solid preparation, search for adequate business  partners, market knowledge, attentive acquisition of local staff and a well-founded business concept. For success of fast food  restaurant the store image is  very important. Firstly, they are functional qualities of a store (assortment, store layout, location, price-value relation). Secondly, psychological attributes refer to the consumers perception of the store attributes, such as  friendliness, helpfulness of store personnel or attractiveness of decor. For kids market segment and market segment of young people students the emotional material as a part of store image is of great importance. Shoppers differentiate one store from another by the images of each project. The simplest approach to such image projection is likely to be based solely on  price-quality relation. After the liberalization policy that came in force in 1991, fast food industry grown in India as multinational fast food providers have set up their business either jointly with Indian partners or independently. From next chapters we will discuss about the companies environmental management and the cultural change. And we will see how companies adapt to these situations. Chapter 5 PepsiCo In this research we will discuss about the change in environmental manageme

The Justice System Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Justice System Looking into criminal justice procedure, many administrations are at work. Starting with the police, to the courts and concluding in corrections. Though all these sectors have different tasks, their combined focus is processing the law. Regardless what the process is called criminal justice will continue to serve with discretion, conviction, and correction. When first presented with the question whether criminal justice is a system, non-system, and network I leaned toward a network. Throughout our discussions, lectures, and readings I felt the process presented itself as a network. Intertwined divisions working for a common goal. Further into my research and help from Webster, I decided that the criminal justice process is a system that is why it is called the criminal justice system and has been so, for many years. This system includes many networks that serve a common purpose, are dependent upon one another, and keep each other in check. Many may try to disagree as Alvine Cohn does in his introduction to Improving Management in Criminal Justice. He stated that "†¦no true system actually exists†¦(it) is a collection of disparate, fragmented services and programs, with many interrelationships, but (has) no†¦direction, philosophy, or mission"(Cohn, 7-8). This could be the farthest from the truth considering the system is always changing to better the process. This philosophy or mission that he speaks of does not have to be written on paper to exist. Though the absence of a clearly explained and comprehendible goal may result in conflict (Cohn, 9), this is inevitable when arguing two different sides. Regardless of what professionals and critics call it, it is "†¦(a) social control mechanism which†¦society calls the justice system"(Jones, 83). This system may differ from other systems, but it still includes the main characteristics of that which a system is defined. A system defined in Webster's Collegiate Dictionary is " †¦an organization forming a network especially for distributing something or serving a common purpose†¦" Using this definition we can include all arguments for the progression of criminal justice as a network since a system comprises many networks. This system has interrelated departments that look to each other to fulfill common goals of prevention and justice. Along with this common goal are common practices. The most ... .... Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, NY. 1983. www.m-w.com/cgi-bon/dictionary. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary. March 25, 2001. Bibliography ALDER,F., MUELLER,G.O.W., LAUFER,W.S. Criminal Justice; an introduction. second edition. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. US. 2000 COHN, Alvin W., WARD, Benjamin. Improving Management in Criminal Justice. Sage Publications. Beverly Hills, CA. 1980. COLE, George F. The American System of Criminal Justice. Wadsworth Publishing Co, Inc. Belmont, CA. 1975. HANCOOK,Barry, SHARP,Paul. Criminal Justice in America; theory, practice, and policy. second edition. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. 2000. JACKSON, Bruce. Law and Disorder; Criminal justice in america. University of Illinois Press. US. 1984. JONES, William, Jr. Criminal Justice Administration. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, NY. 1983 KALINICH, KLOFAS, STOJKOVIC. The Administration and Management of Criminal Justice Organizations. Waveland Press, Inc. Prospect Heights,IL. 1994 www.albany.edu/sourcebook/. section 1. Bureau of Justice Statistics. March 25, 2001. www.m-w.com/cgi-bon/dictionary. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary. March 25, 2001.

Success of Coke Essay -- Coca-Cola Essays

There are very few corporations that hold such world popularity like the Coca-Cola Company. The trademark of Coca-Cola is by far one of the world’s most popular brand names. Coca-Cola dominates the product industry and sets a standard of competition not easily met. Research shows that the trademark is recognized by over 94% of the world’s population and is the most widely recognized word following â€Å"OK.† Coke’s original formula was conceived in the late 19th Century. It original business began as a health formula with less than 10 servings a day in its first year. Now business is credited with approximately 1 billion servings consumed each day. Coca-Cola now holds a monopoly on the soft drink industry and includes a massive 500 product range. Coca-Cola led the first parts of early advertising endorsement, and as early as 1886 the company began promoting its product. From there it began the revolution of product advertisement that is now evident in every part of life. Coke is seen as one of the founding fathers for the present marketing competition that now infests modern living. It was an early pioneer of the styles used to capture an audience, and has continued its developments into product advertising. It was one of the first companies to offer a gimmick with it product, this being a small yo-yo. Throughout the era in 1886-2000 the product has been through a change a marketing plea. It was as early as 1904 that Coca-Cola began presenting the drink as a delicious and refreshing formula. This familiar slogan has been continually repeated for nearly 100 years selling Coke as a great Drink. There is certainly a factor that has added to Coca-Cola controlling such a monopoly of the soft drink industry. Whether that factor is its original and unique taste that has captured the world, or is it the cleverly designed advertisements that have captured the mind of today’s generations? In this essay I hope to express my opinions on why such a product has gained such world popularity. I hope to make you think twice before choosing your product and point out the strong role that advertising has placed in our generation. There is no doubt in my mind that most of Cokes, if not all of Cokes business is due to the clever marketing strategies that they have employed over the years. Over time coke has built an image, this image reflects what we think of when we bu... ...lds. Looking at the issue through my eyes, I have grown up with the knowledge that coke is its own individual product, not just individual brand. This idea has been programmed by the adverts that show coke being the one and only. These ads encourage both desire and action; they create a sense of urgency for the product, by showing Coke being drunk and loved by all. Coke, being one of the early pioneers of product advertisement has been able to create, shape and destroy the successful and unsuccessful forms of advertisement. This extensive and powerful knowledge, has allowed coke to change its marketing pleas through the eras. I believe this powerful knowledge has allowed coke to grow into the empire it is today. I believe it is not possible for one product to grow so popular due to its taste. The product would not have spread so rigorously throughout the world because of its taste only. Coke has been clever in its sponsoring of events which has allowed it massive amounts of advertising virtually unequal to any other product in the world today. I wonder whether any other company can ever be as successful as Coke or is Coke to far in front for any company to ever catch up!

GLUT 4 in Muscle Cells Essay -- Biology

Hypothesis During muscle contractions cytosolic calcium and adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) levels increase. Exercise also increases GLUT 4 production, which allows more glucose to be metabolized in the muscle cell. The purpose of this study was to determine whether calcium and AMPK cause the increases in GLUT 4 production in the cell. The hypothesis regarding GLUT 4 being tested in this research article stems from related research, which showed that GLUT 4 and mitochondria increase due to repeated bouts of muscle contraction. Since raising calcium levels in the cytosol of the cell increases mitochondria, GLUT 4 is may increase as well. The hypothesis that is being tested with this research was that GLUT 4 will be increased in skeletal muscle cells due to induced increases in the cytosolic calcium levels. These calcium levels are increased in cells naturally due to exercise. Since exercise also increases activity of AMPK, the study tested the effects of increasing AMPK on GLUT 4 levels in skeletal muscle. Methodology GLUT 4 levels were determined after exposing muscle cells to the various stimuli. In order to test whether the various stimuli increased GLUT 4 muscle cells were either exposed to a single stimulus, a stimulus with an inhibitor specific of the stimulus, or no stimulus (control). Then the GLUT 4 protein levels in each set of cells could be tested in order to determine the effects of each stimulus. Various chemicals that are known to be produced in a muscle cell during normal exercise were used as stimuli. Caffeine, which produces increased cytosolic calcium, was used to simulate the normal increase in calcium in a cell during exercise. An... ... activity effect GLUT 4 protein. The results of this study show that during exercise GLUT 4 in muscle cells was increased by increases in cytosolic calcium levels as well as the activation of AMPK. The transcription factors that are responsible for "making" GLUT 4 are also increased by these two chemicals. The increases were found to be regulated by CAMK an inhibitor of calcium. This is important for muscle metabolism and effects on diabetes. The capacity for metabolism in muscle cells is enhanced with training because greater amount of GLUT 4 in the muscle cell is important to respond to stimuli. Consequently more glucose is transported into the cell to be metabolized. This GLUT 4 increase is an adaptive response to the body's greater need for energy. Ultimately this results in more glucose, which means more energy for the cell to use.

Jose Rizal’s Life Essay

1. Surname-â€Å"Rizal† Jose Rizal and his family got the surname ‘Rizal’ from his Chinese ancestor Domingo Lameo. Rizal means â€Å"Ricial or grains†, and they started using it 1731. His true surname is Mercado, but to keep his family safe he used the surname Rizal. His brother insisted that he adopt the name Rizal in order to avoid the obvious stigma that the Alonzo y Mercado name had recieved from Paciano’s association with Father Burgos, and the family’s prominence in the native community. Read more: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Where_did_Jose_Rizal_get_his_surname_Rizal#ixzz1C3si8ka5 http://www.schillerinstitute.org/educ/hist/rizal.html 2. Jose Rizal’s reason in going out of the country Rizal went out of the country because he wants to discover,explore other places and to learn new things. Rizal went to other countries to study, he also wants to learn different languages, he studied medicine because he wants to give cure of his mother’s eyes. Rizal build up businesses, experiencing life to the fullest while he’s out of the country, he changes his girlfriend whenever he wants. But going out of the country is not about pleasure, Rizal was there to hide, because he’s life was already in danger that he has to hide for awhile. There are many accussations thrown on him during those times. He has to go out of the country with all his love for his family and for all the filipinos; to protect his family and his countrymen. If he choses to expose himself to the opponent, whole filipinos life will be in much danger than it really was. 3. Part of Rizal’s life  2 May 1883 – Visitacià ³n 8 – 3rd floor, No. 4 Yesterday, one year ago I left my home to come to this country. How many illusions one entertained and how many deceptions! Yesterday, all day and night, I kept recalling all that had happened to me since then. I took my diary and read it, which reminded me of faded impressions. Though sick, I’ll continue my diary because I see that it is most useful and above all it consoles the soul when nothing more remains of its former treasures. This morning I went to see the celebration of Dos de Mayo (2nd May) [05]. There were many people around the obelisk where I saw a tiny altar with some candles. Everywhere could be heard the cries of newspaper vendors which recalled the 2nd of May. In the afternoon we — Zamora, Villanueva, and I — went to see the civic procession. Many soldiers and members of the different corporations. The King does not attend this national celebration. I received from the Philippines a letter of L.R. [06] of 26 March. * Rizal went out of the country because of his true love for the country and his family. He wants to protect those people that he really love. During the day that he wrote it, he’s sick, he’s like crying everything to his diary and that is the best that he did, to write, he write everything coz he knows that those writings will be very useful to help and save his country, but what i like about it is that he uses a diary in dealing with his emotions, the diary is like someone who will collect every details of your story. It’s almost a treasure, it holds everything even secrets. During that sad moment, rizal recalls some moments of his life, from the day that he’s in the Philippines up to the day that he has to leave for the sake of everyone. With a diary, everything was just like yesterday. I was really touched will this part of his diary. Even he’s sick he still keeps on writing, i can really realate here, i can imagine him writing while recalling those sad moments of his life, it’s painful and really wanna makes me cry, because Rizal has been a very good man ever since he was born, Rizal was full of love, he’s really humble, and being humble is not an easy thing to learn. It’s not just about doing good things, it’s about doing good things from the heart, and Rizal was always sincere on what he intended to do same with what he really does..even sacrificing his own life, from his heart he sincerely wants to give it up just to save every life of his country men. And that intention will never be easy to do, you will just learn to do it when you’re humble and full of love just like Rizal, his intentions are good and it really reflects him . Life of rizal was not that good at all, he has to sacrifice, he has to suffer, he has to hide even tough all that he want was to write and make the filipinos realize that they’re being cheated and abused by those foreigner, those people who came from other country was very deceitful, they’ve been a dictator and pretentous that the filipinos are not awared of it and they let their fears and stupidity control them. He died beacuse of his love for every filipino and it’s not right to question him being our national hero, after all that he has done, Rizal’s diaries has been very useful, all of his writings are useful, it really tells how he fought for our country in more simple ways. Every writings has a story to tell. I like every part of Rizal’s life when he’s writing, i don’t know all that he write but i like that he is writing. It’s not just about the diary, i mean everytime that he write. Coz i want to write as well as if i’m a writer but i don’t know where to start coz i think you really have to be knowledgeable, it’s not just you’ll write but you have to make sure that it has an appeal and it will effectively influence the readers, so i am really amazed because Rizal was very smart and god has given him that talent to write, he’s full of passion on everything. Before and now, he is a very good author of those well known books. He has influence everyone before to fight with him for the country against those user and abusive people from other country.

Gender Discrimination Essay

Laws on woman’s rights have changed a lot since the 1900’s. Women weren’t allowed to vote, get an education, and have high authority in jobs. Now, women are allowed to do all of these things and more. But have things really changed, or are they just more hidden? There are three ways in which women are discriminated against: in the workplace, television, and in politics. According to Napoleon Bonaparte â€Å"Nature intended women to be our slaves they are our property. Woman are nothing but machines for bearing children. Even though Napoleon is dead, and has been for a while now, this way of viewing women is very much alive. Why is it that woman are paid less than men for doing the same jobs? For example, a male professional basketball player gets paid way more than a woman. A 2008 study of 63 countries shows that a woman in the same job as a man with the same responsibilities is paid 10% to 15. 6% less then the man. Television plays a big part on the way that our country views woman. For example, in a commercial for pizza bites you see a women coming home from the grocery store with pizza bites, and making them for her children. Why is it that a man is never shown in the kitchen cooking for his children? Another example is on the show George Lopez. George manages an airplane parts factory, while his wife is a stay at home mom. The only thing you ever see her doing in this show is cooking, taking care of her kid, or arguing with her mother-in-law. In conclusion, women are stereotyped when cast for television roles. Television only shows woman, cleaning cooking, or taking care of their children. When it come to politics people can be very unwilling to change. For example we have never had a woman vice president or president. Each time we have a women run for president, I become more aware of gender discrimination in this country. Men will not vote for a woman candidate simply because she’s a woman. I had once seen a shirt stating: â€Å"No women will ever be president because: 1. No woman is a man. 2. See rule 1†. There has never been a women president because men in politics who vote are so unwilling to make a decision without discriminating against woman. Until America changes as a whole discrimination against woman will continue. Even though we women would like to believe otherwise they are still discriminated against: in the workplace, television, and in politics. The only way for women to be truly equal in this country is for women to get the same salary as men in careers, television to stop stereotyping women, and for America as a whole to change the way they view women, and the way they teach their children about the roles of women in society. Until this happens, women will always be discriminated against.

Psychoanalysis of Hamlet

There are always three sides to a coin when it comes to psychology. Two being the heads and tails, the other being the thickness of the coin represented here by the why factor. No action is ever considered to be an accidental behavior, thus making Hamlet an intriguing subject of analysis. Critics of William Shakespeare’s play Hamlet often debate the cognitive processes of young Hamlet’s mind. To examine Hamlet through a psychological perspective, one must use knowledge of behavioral psychology, which is the study of behavior that reveals inner thoughts.Hamlet is a complex character full of deep emotions and developmental problems it is revealed through his actions, thoughts, and words portrayed during the play. Traumatic experiences in a person’s life can have serious mental repercussions, such as disconnection from others, self-blame, or permanent mental instability. Accordingly, Hamlet’s behavior demonstrates textbook symptoms of emotional and psychologi cal damage. With the loss of his father, and the quick remarriage of his mother, the dramatic changes in the familiarity of life become the triggers for Hamlet’s change in behavior.These psychological triggers are very relevant in patient cases today such as the remarrying of a parent, the death of close friend, or development during adolescence. The triggered behaviors become dangerous, as the ability of being able to confide in someone else does not seem a possibility to Hamlet. Losing a loved one is never easy, in Hamlets case the loss leads to a downward spiral of behavior that ultimately affects many different people in his kingdom. This problem of seeking comfort or advice in times of need is crucial for the development during adolescence.Psychologists agree that bottling up emotions can cause explosive and irrational behavior, such as in the case of Hamlet. â€Å"Madness in great ones must not unwatched go. † A person’s actions revel to the world what is going on in his or her mind to a tremendous extent. Hamlet’s actions in the play depict a mix of complex planning with sporadic displays of mental instability. Such actions such as the hesitation of killing Claudius, the murder of Polonius, and Hamlet’s interactions with Ophelia reveal Hamlets true mental state. Many critics have scrutinized the delay of Hamlet not killing Claudius over the years.â€Å"Freud offered what seemed to many a decisive answer to this riddle for the ages: that Hamlet is stymied by the weird coincidence of Claudius's crime with his own oedipal wishes. † (Kilgore) This quote represents the deep internal conflict of Hamlet’s actions because of his obsession with his mother’s sexual behavior. â€Å"Hamlet is able to do anything but take vengeance upon the man who did away with his father and has taken his father's place with his mother — the man who shows him in realization the repressed desires of his own childhoodâ €  (Kilgore).This quotation suggests that Hamlet wanted to be like Claudius subconsciously. In addition, this quote answers why Gertrude’s quick remarriage to Claudius is taken so heavily by young Hamlet. â€Å"Freud considered this complex the cornerstone of the superego and the nucleus of all human relationships. † (Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia) Next, the action of killing Polonius is one example of Hamlet’s temporary insanity. Moments after Hamlet fails to kill Claudius as he prays because he is unshriven; he slays Polonius under the impression it was Claudius.The contradictory nature of these two decisions shows in behavioral psychology that Hamlet is emotionally unstable. This action also demonstrates that aggression has taken over reasoning. Emotions are one of man’s greatest strengths but can cause the greatest downfalls. For example, In Hamlet, Polonius’s murder eventually leads to Hamlets death at the hands of Polonius’s son. Hamlets lack of cognitive reasoning ultimately conflicts with his short-term plans as Hamlet is sent away from the kingdom by the man who he is trying to murder.This shows that the catastrophe occurs as a result of instinctive reactions rather than pre-meditation. â€Å"To inhibit actively one’s behavior is stressful and disease related; when individuals do not or cannot express thoughts and feelings concerning a traumatic event (i. e. , when they engage in behavioral inhibition), there is an increased probability of having obsessive thoughts about the event and of having illnesses in the long run† (Kelly). Keeping secrets from people or being burdened by others secrets is an action that can be harmful in every aspect of health.Hamlets action of keeping secrets from others is representative of his mistrust in people. Hamlet has no one to confide in which leads to irrational decisions and obsession. Most psychologists agree that having someone to confide in is crucial in the developmental process. The act of not revealing such traumatic information destroys Hamlet from a mental perspective and causes Hamlet to slip in and out of sanity. The relationship between Hamlet and Ophelia is an example of the destructive nature secrets can cause.Good relationships are built on the fundamentals of trust and communication; neither of which is demonstrated in their relationship. Hamlet’s subconscious mistrust in the ability of people to keep secrets is projected into the communication of their relationship. Ophelia thinks that Hamlet has gone insane, and this lack of communication drives her into madness and her death. Secrets can inadvertently destroy many people, making them more dangerous through the subconscious influences. All authors project their own life experiences and thoughts subconsciously in to their literature.â€Å"Shakespeare had a son named Hamnet who died of the bubonic plague years before the play Hamlet. †(Wheeler 127-153) I t is through this loss of Shakespeare’s own child that the play takes on a deeper psychological aspect. Hamlets â€Å"to be or not to be† soliloquy can be viewed as a projection into the troubles facing Shakespeare during his own life. The loss of a loved one is a powerful influence and subconsciously can cause feelings of depression and suicide. This soliloquy is one of the most recognized worldwide due to its contemplation of life and death due to the struggles that face Hamlet.â€Å"To be, or not to be–that is the question: Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune or to take arms against a sea of troubles and by opposing end them†. (Shakespeare) Hamlet is clinically depressed and overwhelmed by the troubles in his life. Not even being able to kill the murderer of his father, he is unlikely that to kill himself. â€Å"Shakespeare presents us with a vivid recital of the thought processes of a man making up hi s mind about a critical step in his life†.  (Kilgore)Thus many people believe that hamlet is overthinking the problem. Thus if this soliloquy was recited to a psychiatrist he would recommend anti-depressant medication. Contemplating life and death is a process that we all do at different points in life. However, it is the manner in which we approach our lives and deaths that define us as individuals. Hamlet has received a liberal education; thus his learned critical thinking and questioning about every action causes obsessive self-criticism. Hamlet’s soliloquy of Act 2 Scene 2 shows hisinnermost feelings of self-disgust about his inaction. â€Å"But I am a pigeon-livered and lack gall to make oppression better, or ere this I should have fattened all the regions kites with this slave’s offal. † (Shakespeare) Thus, this harsh self-criticism leads to Hamlet making irrational decisions. In teenagers the frontal lobe is still in the developmental stages, and affecting his self-perception in addition to his decision making. Hamlet is the perfect storm of decisions based on pathos rather than logos.Hamlet’s decisions, although sometime requiring calculation, often are unrealistic and impetuous representing the trial and error method of learning. Hamlet’s words are invaluable to the shaping of his character. His attitude towards the murder of Polonius disconnects him from the norms of society. Making jokes about the body of someone whom he just murdered demonstrates almost a psychopathic tendency brought about by intense levels of stress. In addition to this, Hamlet is in a position where his actions do not have repercussions evidenced by the town looking the other way on his actions.The psychological effect of having no consequences for actions starting at a young age can have disastrous effects of the development during adolescence; and often in cases can lead to the development of Oppositional defiance disorder children. C hildren with ODD â€Å"have little (or no) regard for what their parents or society expect of them. †(Abraham) Hamlet does not care about how he should behave in society and does as he pleases. Hamlet feels entitled to manipulate the lives of others for his own personal success and has no regard for anyone’s welfare but his own.Hamlet was set up for failure in societal norms from childhood. Other insights into Hamlet’s mental state can be examined through Hamlet and Ophelia’s relationship. The words† I loved Ophelia forty thousand brothers/ could not with all their quantity of love make up my sum. † (Shakespeare 296). Hamlet is under false pretenses of what love means due to his adolescence, demonstrated by his harsh words to Ophelia and inability to communicate his distresses and concerns with her.In addition Ophelia’s and Hamlets relationship is skewed by how he perceives own mother and women in general. This is demonstrated by Hamlet ’s command â€Å"Get thee to a nunnery,† which reveals that he holds the belief that all women are whores. Nunnery was a colloquium, which meant brothel in Shakespeare’s day. The projections of past experiences to present experiences dramatically affect his relationships. Hamlet’s unkind attitude and words to others ultimately affect the lives of people around him substantially.In conclusion, Hamlets complexity and behavior is attributed to adolescence and going through life crises that trigger developmental and textbook psychology issues. Using Hamlets actions, thoughts, and words gives the reader a microscope for further examination the character. Shakespeare was a master of creating complex characters, some based on his real life experiences. Hamlet’s reactions to the changes in hi+s life much reflect the type of behavioral changes people in real life experience after similar trauma. Hamlet has been a popular subject for psychoanalysis since the discipline became popular.