The Presidents Role in the U.S. Federal Budget Process

The annual federal budget process begins the first Monday in February of each year and should be concluded by October 1, the start of the new Federal Fiscal Year. In some -- make that most -- years, the October 1 date is not met. Here is how the process is supposed to work. The President Submits a Budget Proposal to Congress In the first step of the annual U.S. federal budget process, the President of the United States formulates and submits a budget request for the upcoming fiscal year to Congress. Under the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921, the president is required to submit his or her proposed budget to Congress for each government fiscal year, the 12-month period beginning on October 1 and ending on September 30 of the next calendar year. Current federal budget law requires the president to submit the budget proposal budget between the first Monday in January and the first Monday in February. Typically, the president’s budget is submitted during the first week of February. However, especially in years when the new, incoming president belongs to a different party than the former president, submittal of the budget may be delayed. The president’s budget proposal may also be delayed by pressing government financial difficulties. For example, President Barack Obama did not submit his FY 2014 budget proposal until April 10, 2013, due to ongoing negotiations with Congress over the implementation of the budget sequester and mandatory spending cuts dictated by the Budget Control Act of 2011. In fiscal year 2016, the federal budget called for the expenditure of nearly $4 trillion. So, as you might imagine, deciding exactly how that much taxpayer money is to be spent represents a major part of the president’s job. While the formulation of the president’s annual budget proposal takes several months, the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 (the Budget Act) requires that it be presented to Congress on or before the first Monday in February. In formulating the budget request, the president is assisted by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), a major, independent part of the Executive Office of the President. The president’s budget proposals, as well as the final approved budget, are posted on the OMB website. Based on the input of the federal agencies, the presidents budget proposal projects estimated spending, revenue, and borrowing levels broken down by functional categories for the coming fiscal year to start on October 1.The president’s budget proposal includes volumes of information prepared by the president intended to convince Congress that the president’s spending priorities and amounts are justified. In addition, each federal executive branch agency and independent agency includes its own funding request and supporting information. All of these documents are also posted on the OMB website. The presidents budget proposal includes a suggested level of funding for each Cabinet-level agency and all programs currently administered by them. The presidents budget proposal serves as a starting point for the Congress to consider. Congress is under no obligation to adopt all or any of the Presidents budget and often makes significant changes. However, since the President must ultimately approve all future bills they might pass, Congress is often reluctant to completely ignore the spending priorities of the Presidents budget. House and Senate Budget Committees Report the Budget Resolution The Congressional Budget Act requires passage of an annual Congressional Budget Resolution, a concurrent resolution passed in identical form by both House and Senate, but not requiring the Presidents signature. The Budget Resolution is an important document providing Congress an opportunity to lay out its own spending, revenue, borrowing and economic goals for the coming fiscal year, as well as the next five future fiscal years. In recent years, the Budget Resolution has included suggestions for government program spending reforms leading to the goal of a balanced budget. Both the House and Senate Budget Committees hold hearings on the annual Budget Resolution. The committees seek testimony from presidential administration officials, Members of Congress and expert witnesses. Based on testimony and their deliberations, each committee writes or marks-up its respective version of the Budget Resolution. The Budget Committees are required to present or report their final Budget Resolution for consideration by the full House and Senate by April 1. Next Steps: Congress Prepares its Budget Resolution

Alcoholics Anonymous Support Group (Aa) - Essay - 796 Words

N121L Alcoholics Anonymous Support Group (AA) Location: Wesley Church on Barstow The support group I attended was on October 19th, 2012 at 12pm at Wesley Church located on Barstow Avenue. It was in the Winterburg Education Building in room 3. A gentleman by the name of Andy was leading the group. He first said a prayer and then asked if there were any new members. There were none so he asked if there were visitors. I introduced myself and said I was a Fresno State nursing student. He then said today they were going to talk about Step 12, which was about service. Service was about introducing AA to people that could benefit from the program. Before you were expected to complete step 12, they wanted you to complete steps 1-11 first.†¦show more content†¦The other two people at the meeting declined to speak. They said they just wanted to listen. During the rest of the meeting, Andy spoke more about Step 12 and how to get to that step. Next was another prayer while everyone joined hands. The meeting ended at 1:10pm. I observed the following Yalom’s Curative Factors during the AA meeting: 1. Instillation of Hope - faith that the treatment mode can and will be effective. All the members felt that with God’s strength they can overcome the impossible. 2. Universality - demonstration that we are not alone in our misery or our problems. By attending the AA meetings, the members knew that they were not alone and there are others struggling with the same issue. 3. Imparting of information - didactic instruction about mental health, mental illness, psychodynamics or whatever else might be the focal problem of the group. (Ex. OCOA, Alanon; learning about the disease process itself). It’s important for members to get facts about their condition through formal teaching. 4. Altruism - opportunity to rise out of oneself and help somebody else; the feeling of usefulness. Altruism was discussed in Step 12. 5. 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Coffee Shop Business free essay sample

Description of Business Have the highest quality of coffee and follow strict guidelines to prepare it for you, so you will be a happy and returning customer. Each cup of coffee will be done however the customer pleases. We have a multitude of ingredients for individual taste. Each coffee will have the perfect temperature, nothing less, nothing more. If it doesn’t taste right we will make another, no questions asked. There is a pleasant atmosphere where there’s dim lighting, but it’s not dark enough where you can’t read your paper. Also there is ambient music playing in the coffee shop so you can relax before, or after work. So come on in for one of a kind tasting coffee. We guarantee it’s the best you had in awhile. Mission Statement To serve our community with the most natural, and highest quality coffee ever. We provide the highest standard of customer support that the other big chains don’t offer, to make your life a little more easier. We will write a custom essay sample on Coffee Shop Business or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If anything is wrong, we will take care of it free of charge, but we doubt anything will be wrong. Competitive Analysis Threat of Existing Competition: What makes The Coffee Shop a different coffee house than others? Well to start off, we use ingredients that the other major companies don’t. From small, local South American farms. Other companies use big manufacturers. Also other companies have a hectic atmosphere which makes it uncomfortable for people to enjoy. The one edge major brands do have though is, that they always release something new every season. The Coffee Shop makes deals and every season release a new type of drink. That doesn’t stop people from coming in and enjoying our cup of coffee than the competition. Threat of Future Competition: This is where things become tricky. No one really ever knows if they’ll stay in business forever. We just have to hope for the best. We have to market the company enough where people will be loyal and enjoy our coffee over the other guys. Small businesses can be bought out or close down if the bigger companies take away most of the customers in the area. Which would be a major problem. Consumer Buyer Power The Coffee Shop’s prices are cheaper than the competition and better tasting. The Coffee Shop tends to keep it that way. Other brands eventually raise their prices. The Coffee Shop has a large customer base and is extremely important to them that The Coffee Shop stays in the neighborhood. Supplier Power The supplier will take any opportunity if they have. If they notice you’re only using them as a manufacturer they will charge extra because, you have no other choice to use them until you find someone else. Sometimes quality will slip if they want more profit and then you’re getting less quality and paying extra. So in the situation you are losing while the supplier is winning. Always keep track of your supplier and work with them so things work out smoothly. If you change suppliers then your product may not be the same. Threat of Substitute Goods and Services If the cost of switching is low, then this poses a serious threat. The price of coffee may rise, so customers may start to buy tea. If the substitutes are similar, it can be viewed in the same light as a new entrant. Alternative products that provide overall savings to your customers, without impacting the quality of your customer’s products or services are more likely to be viewed favorably for adoption. Supply Chain The supply chain starts out with a farmer in South America who grows and takes care of it. Then workers gather the coffee and it is washed and dried. After it’s sold for 70-90 cents per pound for premium coffee. The exporter then gives it to a roasting company and it is mixed and blended with other coffee. After it is shipped and ready for the consumer to enjoy.

Abortion Related Research Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Abortion Related Research. Answer: Introduction Research shows that over 15% of about 210 million pregnancies that are witnessed annually around the continent are terminated. Through this paperwork, you will learn the unique challenges faced when one conducts abortion-related research. The paperwork also comprises of the main meditation for the design of abortion. In 2008, nearly 30% of the 210million pregnancies that is about 90 million that occurred worldwide were not intended, and a good number of this were aborted. On average a half of this numbers most likely were unsafe that resulted in almost 50000 abortion deaths. Though the difficulties encountered while obtaining information based on abortion, it is often condemned even in places that it is legalized. Factors leading to abortion research The following factors lead to the research of abortion The high rate of the fertility-the study shows that the globally the rate of fertility is high, due to this many young adults are engaging in activities that lead to unwanted pregnancies thus they opt for an abortion of the fetus.(Singh S, 2009) The necessity of addressing the issue reports on an accurate popularity of abortion shows the conditions through which abortion occurs, the experience that young adult woman goes through while obtaining an abortion, it's vital that the issue is addressed globally. Many of the women who have undergone the abortion crisis refuse to talk about it this is mainly because of the pain they underwent and could not want to recall it.(Singh S, 2009) Increased use of abortion drugs due to the rise of increased abortion through the use of medicinal drugs it does further complicate the accurate collection of data. Since this can take place outside of a formal health Centre, Research has it that many women prefer to have the abortion done outside a formal health Centre for the sake of their identity not being into the records. Hence making it difficult to get at least an accurate number of abortion cases. Abortion through medications in some parts of the world has been legalized for instance in America abortion is normal part of womans health care (Coeytaux F, 1989) Methods The use of qualitative data analysis for the successful data collection about the issue of abortion the researcher needs to engage in the different use of various types of data collection, for instance, the use of questionnaires and brainstorming; the use of questionnaires provides the researcher with only important questions that the focus is on. In a survey done by the use of questionnaires in learning institutions the students were able to speak freely on this issue of abortion, basing on the research this type of data collection conceals the identity of the interviewed hence necessary obtaining the required specific data. The use of brainstorming also can be a good source of information on this research, as questions asked randomly get to the attention of the listeners and they get to react to them differently.(Coleman P, 2005) Also, the use of social media proved to be helpful as it's evident that over two-thirds of the world's population. They are connected on social media, for instance, Facebook, on an article posted on Facebook in September focused on the issue of abortion, this got the worldwide views as many reactions were gotten from different sets of people worldwide, even though some of the reactions were unnecessary. Use of multiple and innovative methods the use of innovative method will help in enhancing participation as of the result, best data collection. Whereby the matter is very sensitivity and in other settings of the governance has legalized the nature of abortion, in some regions the perception of abortion is viewed differently within which the morals context of the place where woman come from. An example in Indonesia the perception of pregnancy is influenced by Islamic law that the development of a fetus takes place in the first 120 days. (Rashid SF, 2007) Data analysis techniques on factors affecting woman on abortion The quality of the work based on abortion can be measured regarding the average number of pregnancy aborted, reported cases in a year over the total number of pregnancies reported in that particular year.In recent days' systematic research came to a conclusion that abortion done by medical had low side effects on the woman, though this is genuine America is the only place that has legalized this process for the past decade. In developed countries, this process has been adapted to be precise almost 15 counties in Europe it is legal to abort. (Ader, 2008) The use of surgical and medical ways of abortion, the emphasis of adopting the cost effectiveness of this two methods it's argued that woman has been paid less attention regarding on the use of this methods. Qualitative analysis review was put to focus in the period between 1998-2007 because during this period is when medical abortion was taking the better part of abortion. Its a womans choice to choose between pregnancy and abortion this was argued by some campaigners, even though moral values are important, its advisable to seek a medical consultation if keeping the pregnancy at that particular moment is proper basing on the circumstances of that particular household.(Coleman P, 2005) A study conducted in the UK on the young adult woman showed that most women preferred the use of family planning methods in rather than adopting to abortion after conception. For this reason, where abortion is a stigmatized woman in part of Israel they avoided in public the use of formal procedures hence opting for private procedures. They choose this because of the expectation of getting better personal treatment not only that but also the confidentiality of private sectors.(Coeytaux F, 1989) Research has it there is little research on the issue of abortion hence the scarcity of information regarding this issue.one may argue that most women consider abortion on the very fact that she doesn't want the pregnancy, however many abortions occur as a result of unplanned pregnancies as many people find it difficult in keeping the pregnancy that they did not hope for. In addition to this not, all woman that opt for abortion are successful due to the barriers surrounding them, for instance, the social barrier or even personal conditions that must be met for a successful abortion process.(May C, 2006) Conclusion In conclusion, I can conclude that the researchers have to be conducted in more details so as to find the possible solutions that could reduce the rate of abortions. Where the economic state of a person is low one is to be encouraged into not going through with the abortion process, as one Jamaican man sung abortion is a crime and every ethicist's group has to fight against the issue of abortion. References Ader, H. (2008). Phases and Initial Steps in data analysis. Netherlands: Jphannes van Kessel Publishing. Coeytaux F, L. A. (1989). Methodological issues in abortion. New York: Population Council. Coleman P, R. D. (2005). The psychology of abortion. London: Psychology and Health. Goodwin P, O. J. (2007). Women reflections upon their past abortions. London, British: Psychology and Health. Harvey SM, B. L. (2001). Methods of Medical Surgical Abortion. Netherlands: Family Planning Perspectives. May C. (2006). A Rational Model for Assessing and Evaluating Complex Interventions In Health Care. New York: BMC Health Service Research. Rashid SF. (2007). The realities of ethnographic research in an urban slum environment in Dhaka. Bangladesh: Field methods. Reminnick L, S. R. (2007). Social Cultural context and Woman's Experiences of abortion. New York: Health and Sexuality. Singh S, W. D. (2009). A decade of uneven progress. New York: Guttermacher Institute.