Company Law for Journal of Legal Insight - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theCompany Law for Journal of Legal Insight. Answer: Directing Mind and Will The phrase directing mind and will is mainly associated with Lord Denning who interpreted the phrase in the case of H.L Bolton Co. Ltd v. T.J. Graham and Sons Ltd. The concept was referred by Denning in the case where he identified managers as the brains that play a significant role in corporate decision-making (Gurunay, p. 105). According to Lord Denning, the state of mind of a manager is the companys state of mind. According to Section 124 of the Corporation Act 2001, a limited business company can be regarded as a separate legal entity which possesses similar characteristics as an individual person. A corporation does not have physical existence, but this does not hinder the company from complying with the common and statute laws. The company can be held liable for breaching a contract. In determining the criminal liability of a company, it is imperative to understand the two types of liability which are primary and secondary. A company incurs primary liability when it is deemed to have done wrong by itself (Archibald, Jull Roach 2003). However, it is also imperative to note that a corporation or a company does not have the capability for physical action or possessing an intention or ideas and knowledge which differ from human beings. To understand better the meaning of the phrase Directing mind and will," Lord Denning's ruling in H.L Bolton Co. Ltd v. T.J. Graham and Sons Ltd. In his ruling, Lord Denning pointed out that the directors and managers of the company were similar to the brain of a human in a corporation which guides it by directing their mind and will. In other words, the companys decisions were directed by the directors and managers, which rendered them guilty as they had also rendered the company guilty. This implies that the phrase simply means that the decisions taken by managers and directors can be considered to be the decisions made by the company since the managers and directors are the "brains of the company, " and the company would act in accordance with their directions. Piercing the Corporate Veil In the Corporation Act 2001, corporations, and LLC are regarded as a legal entity, separate from their owners. The idea to separate owners from the companies was brought by the House of Lords in Salomon V, Salomon. In Salomon v. Salomon Co. Ltd, the House of Lords, affirmed a legal principle that is applicable today that, once a company is incorporated, it is considered as a legal entity that is separate from the legal shareholders and owners (Salomon v Salomon Co. 1897). The concept of separate legal entity has been applied in the Australian Corporate law for over hundreds of years. This legal principle allows companies to act in their own right and not on the basis of their controllers (Ramsay Noakes 2001). Shareholders, on the other hand, cannot be held liable for the debts of a company beyond their capital investment. This is what is referred to as the corporate veil. With time, the legal courts have appreciated the fact that the companys corporate veil can be pierced to deprive the shareholders the protection against the companys liability as offered by the limited liability principle. "Piercing the corporate veil," therefore, refers to a situation where the courts disregard the limited liability principle and hold a shareholder or a director personally liable for the debts or actions of the corporation as if it were the actions of the shareholders or directors. In this case, the court disregards the separateness of the shareholder from the corporation. Such instances arise when the company or the shareholder request a court to do so due to some circumstance that may necessitate such an action. List of References Archibald, T., Jull, K. and Roach, K., 2003. The changed face of corporate criminal liability. Crim. LQ, 48, p.367. Corporation Act 2001 Gurunay, P. The directing mind and will test in corporate criminal liability. International journal of legal insight. Vol 1 (3). H.L Bolton Co. Ltd v. T.J. Graham and Sons Ltd. 1957 Ramsay, I. and Noakes, D.B., 2001. Piercing the corporate veil in Australia. Salomon v Salomon Co. 1897. AC 22 (Salomon).

Logically Proving God Essays - Philosophy Of Religion, Epistemology

Logically Proving God The following paper will provide a sound argument in favor of the existence of God. By demonstrating that an Atheist world cannot account for the preconditions of the laws of logic an Atheist cannot even account for a rational debate concerning the existence of God. The impossibility of the contrary, the best and only proof that the nesesary truth of the existence of God is his revelation of himself to us that makes it possible for us to use logic. This could be translated, using only nessesary truths, into the form of: L: (laws of logic) G: (God exists) if L entails G L ================ G Logic is the laws of reasoning that God has established. If God has established these laws of reasoning that we call logic then how could the Atheist system account for the laws of logic. First they are immaterial and universal, and how could anything immaterial and universal be accounted for in a naturalistic (matter only) universe. Second if God has established these laws of reasoning then there would be no atheism. An Atheist wants to believe in laws of logic which are universal in application, but in order to escape the ultimate implications of this idea ( there is a God who imposes universal standards of reason.), the Atheist will try to maintain that the laws of logic are merely conventions of general agreement amongst them. This is philosophically non-acceptable, if logic were simply a matter of convention, it would be impossible to have any kind of rational debate because either side could win by simply stipulating different laws of logic by convention. Therefore since univer sal laws cannot be changed by convention since they hold constant in all possible worlds is it not fair to say then that there is a God who imposes universal standards of reason. Philosophy

Healthcare Management MBA Essay Samples

Healthcare Management MBA Essay SamplesIf you are considering pursuing a career in the healthcare industry, then you should definitely look into taking the same. Fortunately, there are lots of healthcare management MBA Essay samples out there which you can use to help get you going with the right direction for your future career.Once you finish reading about these healthcare business mba essay samples, you will be able to start your career without any doubt. These are some very valuable resources to help you out in your career aspirations, but also for getting your education started. With a few articles to begin with, you will now have more of an idea as to what your studies would consist of.The best way to get an idea of what to expect is to take the medicine and travel to a medical school. Do not worry about being on time, because you are guaranteed to be there at the scheduled time and this can be one of the best ways to begin your new career. You will find it challenging at first , but this can be highly rewarding at the end of the day when you have accomplished your goals and have gained a good degree.A degree in healthcare management is certainly going to make you stand out in the field and you will be well on your way to being well paid. Even though healthcare management is not a new field, it is a very exciting and competitive field to work in because it requires skill sets which are all in demand in today's healthcare industry.There are lots of possibilities for healthcare managers who aspire to go to an MBA program. These students will find that many of their job opportunities are highly sought after in today's market, so if you are in this line of business, you will need to seek out as many new opportunities as possible. These MBA Essay samples will give you the idea of what type of jobs you might find in the healthcare sector.As you begin to begin your education, you will quickly notice that you will need a good amount of time to complete the require ments for the MBA. This is also why you should aim to get the best education possible so that you do not have to struggle through some difficult academic programs. These MBA Essay samples are designed to show you what you will encounter once you have finished your studies.The good news is that you will have plenty of opportunity to choose your courses, which is a great advantage when you look to improve your skills and abilities in the industry. Be sure to pick courses that you know will enhance your current level of knowledge and make you a better healthcare manager. Always keep in mind that you want to get the most out of your education and you should go with a course that has proven to be successful in the past.

Literature Review of Celebrity Endorsement Essays

Literature Review of Celebrity Endorsement Essays Literature Review of Celebrity Endorsement Essay Literature Review of Celebrity Endorsement Essay Running head: A LITERARY REVIEW OF CELEBRITY ENDORSEMENT Celebrity Endorsement in Mass Media Advertising Brands Celebrity endorsement in mass media advertising has become a very beneficial phenomenon for many countries and has significantly increased in the past decade, and should be the main principle of brand communications since it is the key to marketing success. Any product that is displayed in a television commercial or magazine advertisement by a corporation that uses a celebrity or well known public figure to give a testimonial or information about the product, is practicing celebrity endorsement. Although commonly thought of starting in the United States, celebrity endorsement began in India during the ‘80s but has since been adopted by countries in Asia, Europe, and almost worldwide. Modern mass media (especially that of tabloids) has increased exposure of celebrities to the point that it is unavoidable to not be exposed to a celebrity face. The primary principle that celebrity endorsement works off of is the public recognition of the celebrity endorser as an admirable or desirable cultural force. It is not uncommon to view commercials from the past 10 years and see popular icons like Britney Spears endorsing a particular soft drink like Pepsi or Michael Jordan endorsing Nike as the number one brand for anyone that has even the slightest liking to sports. These celebrities among many others, are used to promote products, services, and ideas (Kambitsis et al. , 2002). A reason for the increase in the usage of celebrity endorsing on various levels of mass media is almost exclusively due to the fact that this strategy results in more positive advertisement and product ratings (Dean and Biswas, 2001), as well as A LITERARY REVIEW OF CELEBRITY ENDORSEMENT an increase in the purchasing of the product and in turn, increased finances for the producer (Erdogan, 2001). Most celebrity endorsers come from the entertainment and sports industries. Nevertheless, more than likely, the celebrity endorser is not known to the public for the product that they are endorsing (Friedman, 1979), therefore they are not experts of that product. As mentioned previously for example, Britney Spears has endorsed Pepsi. She s an iconic pop singer and even though she wrote a song called â€Å"Joy of Pepsi,† she is not an expert on what the best tasting soft drink is; her fame has no relation to what she is endorsing. Besides those obvious facts, Pepsi’s sales increased four times as fast as their competitor (DeNitto, 1994). Although celebrity endorsing is very expensive for the companies, in the long run it has often helped their sales because they are recognized by the public and viewed as more powerful t han an anonymous face of a model (Carroll, 2008). Celebrities are also interested in endorsing themselves in the product as their image considerably develops rather quickly along with the product. According to Speck (1988), endorsements involve three participants; sellers, endorsers, and target consumers. This is because the seller asks an endorser to use and evaluate a product, and then after trying a product, the endorser encourages the target consumers and personal fans to also purchase and try out the product. Advertising campaigns using celebrities to support brand strategy have in general tended to be repetitive, high-profile and loud extravaganzas in which the celebrity features prominently and directly, unlike the product itself, which seems more like an addition to the whole scheme of the advertisement (Carroll, 2009). Celebrity endorsement is a powerful marketing strategy compared to the A LITERARY REVIEW OF CELEBRITY ENDORSEMENT likes of public relations and sales promotion but has been the most long-standing beneficial strategy out of all (Hsu and McDonald, 2002). Choosing the Celebrity Endorser Giving a brand a recognizable ‘face’ is often more than just a marketing strategy, but for better or worse can change a brand forever. Thus, choosing a celebrity endorser is of maximum importance and therefore done on a whole slew of parameters that include appeal, looks, popularity, product type, message type, etc. (Erdogan, 1999). The general belief among advertisers is that brand communication messages that are delivered by these selectively chosen celebrity endorsers, produce a higher appeal and recall than those advertisements that are not celebrity endorsed. Furthermore, when celebrities are recognized with brand names, it creates a positive attitude, as well as a distinct personality for the brand. For example, Forbes reported that Chanel, an extremely well known Parisian fashion house, acquired an endorsement deal with spokes icon Nicole Kidman, which in turn increased business by about 16%, without administering any changes whatsoever in fragrance or packaging, because â€Å"all of a sudden, younger women took notice of the brand (Forbes). † Credibility is also an obvious large part in determining who to use in endorsements for a specific product. Previous research has shown that celebrities that endorse several products at a time are seen as less credible to the typical consumer (Hsu and McDonald, 2002), rather than a celebrity who just endorses a single product. The reason for this insight is because a celebrity who endorses multiple products can seem as if they do not have a real liking or interest in a particular product and will just peddle any product that is asked of them. Another event that could A LITERARY REVIEW OF CELEBRITY ENDORSEMENT iscredit a celebrity endorsement is negative press or events that are associated with the celebrity’s name. This very problem occurred in 2005 with supermodel Kate Moss. She was dropped from her endorsements from large companies Burberry, HM, and Chanel, when photographs of her snorting cocaine surfaced in magazines and websites. Companies using a celebrity endorser take into account the serious consequences (loss of revenue, bad image) of putting a tainted face to their produc t since as stated above, the brand’s whole personality is often dependent on the celebrity endorser. Another aspect that is taken into account pertaining to the effectiveness of the celebrity endorser is to directly measure the degree that the consumers evaluate the celebrity as genuinely liking the product that they are endorsing. According to Gilbert and Malone (1995), these evaluations are recognizable under a type of judgment called â€Å"correspondent inferences. † Correspondent inferences generally refer to a judgment that consumers observe the endorser’s behavior in the advertisement to then infer consistent character in the endorser. For example, the consumer would observe an athlete saying he loves the breakfast cereal Wheaties, and then the consumer would infer that the athlete really does, in fact, like Wheaties. Adding to this study, McCracken (1986) suggests that a celebrity that best represents the appropriate symbolic properties â€Å"of the product should be selected, thus, highlighting the importance of the cultural meanings of celebrities in the endorsement process. † Culturally speaking, Americans identify themselves more closely with celebrities and are more willing to accept and unconsciously accept endorsement messages. Brands are therefore seen as playing a fundamental, as well as A LITERARY REVIEW OF CELEBRITY ENDORSEMENT complex role in the construction of the self (Carroll, 2009). We achieve self-consistency via brand consumption, purchasing brands that we perceive to be similar to our selfconcept. Defined as image congruence hypothesis, this suggests that brands perform a function of self-enhancement whereby consumers form perceptions about brands and compare these to their own value system, selecting brands that match the closest. All in all, the public’s fascination with the celebrities will continue on because of their role in society as an entertainer and in return, the use of celebrities in advertising will continue to increase (Pringle, 2004). Grant McCracken has proposed the Meaning Transfer Theory when referring to celebrity endorsement and its effectiveness. His theory states that a celebrity encodes a unique set of meanings that can be transferred to the endorsed product if used in the correct way. This theory takes place in three stages- encoding meanings, meaning transfer, and meaning capture. McCracken’s theory is described as first, encoding meanings: this is basically the age, gender, race, and wealth or personal lifestyle that a celebrity can be identified with by the public. For example, a celebrity can be seen as cute, witty, and charming due to any of those factors, since each person viewing these celebrities will make their own meanings about them (McCracken, 1986). The next stage that occurs is meaning transfer. This second stage transfers those meanings to a product and when those meanings are skillfully portrayed, celebrities are able to communicate the image more powerfully as endorsers. The final stage is meaning capture, which assumes A LITERARY REVIEW OF CELEBRITY ENDORSEMENT that consumers purchase products not just for their practical value, but for their cultural and symbolic value that they can convey from the product. Agreeing with McCracken, Carroll also adds to this statement by reporting that the consumers now turn to brands of products less as bundles of utility and more so as â€Å"badges that contain social meaning† (Carrol, 2009). Simply put, it is the stage that the consumers hope to capture some part of the meaning from the first stage (cute, witty, etc. , which the celebrity endorser has seemed to have passed on to the product. This is especially true in celebrity promoted lifestyle products like perfumes, clothes, and consumer technology (McCracken, 1986). Because celebrity endorsements tie into people’s personal and cultural meanings, it seems that they will always infinitely be effective and have proven to be a sustainable marketing technique. Based on the previous research, this study will move forward and add to the literature by asking the following questions: RQ 1: Will all correspondent inferences be positively associated with the attitudes toward the advertised product? RQ 2: Will observers (consumers) still believe that the celebrity endorser likes the product more than the average user, even though they know the endorser is getting a large payment? References Dean, D. H. and Biswas, A. (2001). Third-party organization endorsement of products: an advertising cue affecting consumer pre purchase evaluation of goods and services. Journal of Advertising. 30 (4). Carroll, Angela. (2009). Brand communications in fashion categories using celebrity endorsement. Journal of Brand Management. 17 (2). 146-158. doi: 10. 1057/bm. 2008. 42 DeNitto, E. (1994). Pepsi, Coke think international for future growth. Advertising Age. p. 44. Erdogan, B. Z. (1999). Celebrity endorsement. Journal of Marketing Management. 11 (1). Erdogan, B. Z. (2001). Selecting celebrity endorsers: the practitioner’s perspective. Journal of Advertising Research. 41. p. 39. Friedman, H. H. (1979). Endorser effectiveness by product type. Journal of Advertising Research. 19 (5). Hsu, C. K. and McDonald, D. (2002). An examination on multiple celebrity endorsement in advertising. Journal of Product and Brand Management. 11 (1). pp. 19-29. Kambitsis, C. , Harahousou, Y. Thedorakis, C. 2002). Sports advertising in print media: case of 200 Olympic games. Corporate Communication: An International Journal. 7 (3). McCracken, G. (1986). Culture and consumption: a theoretical account of the structure and movement of the cultural meaning of consumer goods. The Journal of Consumer Research. 13 (1). Onkvisit, S. and Shaw, J. (1987). Self-concept and image congruence: Some research and managerial implications. Journal of Consumer Marketing. 4(1). 13-23. Pringle, H. (2004). Celebrity sells. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. England. Ruiz, N. (2008). Can a star sell you style?. Forbes. com LLC.

Intl management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Intl management - Assignment Example This leads to a cultural diversity within the company, which requires proper organizational management as well as cultural accommodation among all stakeholders. As a manager who has great knowledge about diversity of cultures as well as cross-cultural integration, I am able to bring all these diverse cultures together in order to achieve a cultural integration within the organization that leads to proper productivity. Furthermore, my skills in cross-cultural management will also enable me to influence other employees within the company to accommodate cultural differences of their fellow employees. This would lead to a religious and cultural accommodation of all members of staff whereby no one would look down upon the cultural background of others, or despise their religion. In fact, this would closely integrate the company in such a way that there would be no conflicts arising from ill opinion of workers expressed against the cultures or religious backgrounds of their fellow workers, or based on any other feature. As such, this would lead to increased cooperation and enhanced productivity within the company, hence profitability maximization. ... b.  What impact do you want to have? On whom?    I want to influence the entire company as a whole by enabling all members of the organization to be able to accommodate all people from different cultural backgrounds and settings. For instance, I want all employees to integrate properly with one another despite their different backgrounds and incorporate the virtues from their select groups in order to create a formidable production team at the company. c.  Whom do you want to know you benefited? In what ways? Apart from the general success that the organization will record as a whole due to the integration of different cultures, I would particularly want to influence the management team. This is because the management or leadership of a given company is what determines whether a company stays united as one or splits down into two or more pieces basing on cultural differences and other factors. As such, being part of the management team, I would use my position to work at integr ating different cultures within the organization and prove to the executive team that all cultures have the same output. d.  What do you want to learn? I want to learn how to mix different cultures and still have the same people without facing cultural discriminations, or breakages along any differential lines. This is because all persons carry the same equality despite their backgrounds or cultural affiliations. e.  How do you define your impact as a/n: employee, leader, manager, executive, etc.? As an executive, I define my influence in the company as monumental since cultural differences sometimes bring about serious conflicts and destruction of property and lives. For instance, in

Challenge of treatment low to medium strength municipal wastewater Dissertation

Challenge of treatment low to medium strength municipal wastewater from ambient to low temperature by using UASB reactors - Dissertation Example A, Boncz 2001, "Anaerobic Digestion Congress." Belgium. This book expounds on the ninth world congress. It gives a detailed study on the anaerobic digestion with reference to the proceedings in that congress. A, Charlier C 1994, Water Science Technology. Washington DC: Sage Publishers. This book is rich on data regarding the challenges prone in urban water management. It informs on municipal wastewater treatments by provide basic and necessary guidelines. Augusto, Carlos, and De Lemos Chernicharo 2007, Anaerobic Reactors. IWA. This books covers on several aspects regarding anaerobic reactors. It gives details on the principles of anaerobic digestion, biomass in the anaerobic systems along with designs in anaerobic reactors. Barbosa 1995, Wastewater Examination. Washington DC: Sage. Barbosa gives an account on waste and wastewater analysis. This is through providing details with physical analysis, sampling, instrumental analysis, chemical analysis, floatable analysis, organic analysis , statistical analysis and treatability analysis. Bhat, P., M.S. Kumar, and S.N. Mudliar. Biodegradation of tech-hexachlorocyclohexane. The authors give an account on biodegradation and biological treatmensts. Elsevier, 2006.Biological Wastewater Treatment in Warm Climate Regions. International Water Assoc. The author gives an account on wastewater treatment, characteristic and disposal in warm climatic regions. He gives details on water pollution and water quality before giving an account on waste water systems. C, Forestor F, and Chacin F 1997, Bio-resource Technology. New York: Maccmilan. Chacin and forester provide a very significant an easy to use management and applications of biotechnology. The book gives a state to art research on biotechnological inventions and innovation, especially for commercial exploiting. Chaggu 2004, Modified Pitlatrines. Wageningen : Wageningen University. This book is based on anaerobic treatments with fish processing in the wastes. It defined the a naerobic hydrolysis of lipids and proteins in fish processing on wastewaters. The author also gives an account on the use of ammonia and sodium chloride in the anaerobic treatment of lipids and proteins. Chernicharo, Carlos Augusto de Lemos 2005, Biological wastewater treatment in warm climate . IWA Publishing. The author gives an over view on sludge disposal and treatment in the perspective of slid concentrations, levels and flow. D, Mavinic S 1994, Water Environment. Wageningen : Wageningen University. Mavinic gives a detailed study on the climatic changes and their implications on water environments. He addresses this aspect from a wide range of approaches inclusive of the geographic and temporal and geographic perspectives. Lisa, Orphan, and Blaszcyk Kosaric 1999, UASR Water Science Technology. New York: New York University Press. The book by Lisa and Kosaric describes different ways in which technology has been used in the development of all aspects of UASR especially when rela ted to water and raw sewage. M, Kato T 1994, Low Strength Water Treatment. Wageningen: Press Publishers. Kato’s book has identification of the different water and sewage treatment using both low strengths. This book shows the different interactions of water strength as well as how these operations are useful in the treatment of sewage. Mara, David Duncan 2004, Domestic Wastewater Treatment in Developing Countries.

Education in Private and Public Schools Essay Example for Free

Education in Private and Public Schools Essay Over the past years, there has been lots of interest among the policy makers to compare private and public elementary and secondary schools in the United States. In a sense, both private and public schools follow the same general goals set out in 1979. These goals as Sizer pointed out are expected to serve equally well both the American’s public and private elementary and high school (p. 349). These goals according to Sizer aimed to develop the students’ fundamental scholastic capacity and to make them competitive and responsible individual. Both the private and public are expected to come up with this end, and to touch most aspects of an adolescent’s existence, mind, body, values and career. Generally, as reported by Teresa Mendez in her article said that private schools had performed very satisfactory during the latest Standardized Test for scoring higher than public school. This report summarized the concept that private schools are getting more professional in performing their jobs. This report is very significant since America has set educational policies that are common for both public and private schools. Sizer had stated in his book â€Å"What High School Is† that despite America’s multi-diverse culture and decentralized school government, most schools across America are common in terms of vision or goals related to academic achievements of students. However, as one will look into Sizer’s discussion of similar circumstances and scenario inside a high school in California, he or she can notice some problems regarding students’ attitude and behavior inside and outside the classroom. In particular Sizer portrayed this concept through Mark who is a student who is bored and uninterested with school requirements. On the other hand, there are teachers and staffs who are busy with work and mindful of responsibility at home. These two parties are both elements that comprise education and yet, it seems that the academic goals or vision are not emphasized. This is because; Mark being a recipient of the knowledge appeared to be passive and stubborn since knowledge is somehow undesirable on his view, while teachers and staff are not good mover or instruments of those knowledge. This concept presented by Sizer is common in America, and he seems trying to reconcile the educational goals with proper implementation by adapting some changes in terms of school policy. To better understand this, it is important to analyze the school system in America and how it tries to meet the present needs of the educational system of America, as well as its impact to the existing scenario in most schools. Given the same objective, we can expect less difference although we may expect much similarity between public and private high school education. But studies conducted by the National Center for Education Statistic showed that there are many differences in the public and private education. They explained that although the central goal of education is the same with public and private but both can freely choose objectives and goals related to what has been set up by the government (p. 7). This means that, each school has freedom to set objectives and goal, yet, all of them should match the overall goals of the central government. These goals are directed towards the fundamental academic achievements, career and economic competence, citizenship and civil responsibility, aesthetic awareness and cultural diversity of the students (Sizer, p. 349 – 350). In general, education in America as they view it should cater to the growth and development of individual for the country’s fundamental advancement whether in public or in private schools. It is evident in most schools in America that even though, private and public schools follow through same principles in terms of educational system, and yet, they are differ in many ways from curriculum to policies. The findings of the study done by the National Center for Education Statistic reveals that majority of the public school have curriculum with emphasis on basic literacy and reading skills as their most important goal, while private schools chose to put priority on religious development of their students (p. 8). However, other results of analysis and studies of NCES showed that faculties in public schools are more professional than those in the private school as public school uses a full range of professional living requirements. The article published by the NCES entitled â€Å"Teacher Professionalization and Teacher Commitment: A Multilevel Analysis† noted that teachers in public school are required to have a substantive training in areas of specialization, complete accredited training program, and passage of examination (p. 25). Whereas teachers in private schools, the report appears to be less professional on many ways (p. 25). The report also cited that there is more turnover of teachers in private schools than in public schools. This indicates that public school have more stable teaching force than the private school as public school teachers are receiving much higher salaries which is one of the important factor for teacher to stay in their work. Aside from that, the article noted that private school teachers receive inferior salaries that cause high turn over on the part of private schools. Thus, the report shows that despite the privileges and benefits received by teachers in public school, these teachers have shown lesser commitment as compared to teachers in private schools. In comparison, neophyte teachers from private and public school have greater commitment than those in senior level or those teachers receiving higher salary (p. 26-27). Other factors associated with increase in commitment in teachers according to study are: high-end-of career salary and individual autonomy for teachers. The professionalization and commitment of teachers affect so much the credibility of education imparted to students. Policies implemented in the school system certainly affect the general performance of the school. The goal which the school is heading have influenced not only on the teachers but among the student as well. Roelande Hofman said that studies have shown that private schools have a positive effect on academic achievement (p. 119). Hofman pointed out that private school have the freedom to the kind of students they want to enroll and kick out students who display behavior that violates their own set of rules. Because of this autonomy, it gives the private school authority to reject or to accept students which the public school had only limited autonomy (p. 19). On students and parents preference, private school seemed to attract more because of selection policy. Hofman noted that in public school, the diversity of students’ background as the individual characteristic of students home environment affect with the school. It means that the behavior and conduct of students in school affects the general performance of the school in the areas of character and conduct as Sizer has portrayed in his book, many of the students seemed to have lost appetite to seriously search and acquire knowledge through schooling. In fact, students’ activities inside the campus appeared to be unmonitored by the school authorities as students can transact illegal drugs inside the school premises. Whereas in private school, students activities are daily monitored and any unacceptable manner or any violation of the given rules would easily be met with either warning or punishment. The issue is that the student feels more responsible to study well as they carry in themselves the pride that they there among other students like them who are truly sincere in their study. In general, it appears that though the teachers in the public school have a much better salaries and benefit systems and are more stable in their position compared to their peers in the private schools, yet private school teachers are more committed in their work than teachers in the public school. Second, the policy and goals and vision seem to work well in the private school despite of the fact that teachers in the public school are more professional and more trained and more fitted to work because of the specialization in the field they are handling. Third, that despite of the fact that teachers in private school are less qualified in the position given the requirements required for a public school teacher, yet private school appeared to be preferential choice of parents and students for one more reason disciplined. The similarities between public and private have been quite obvious in the levels of commitment of female teachers than their male counterpart. Both the public and private teachers reflect that female teachers are slightly committed than their male counter part. The article cited that those who are more experienced teachers have less commitment than those new ones which is the same with the private schools. Aside from this, there was not much given similarities between the public and private school. In fact, some authors were even exaggerated to express that what is between public and private are distinct difference in all aspect. Thus, the similarities given were limited only in comparison of male and female teacher in the public as well as in the private school.